Table 3. Results risk of bias assessment for individual studies using ROBINS-I methods.
| Study | Pre-intervention | At-
intervention |
Post-intervention | Overall
risk of bias |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author | Year | Bias due to confounding | Bias in selection of participants into the study | Bias in classification
of interventions |
Bias due to deviations
from intended Interventions |
Bias due to missing data | Bias in measurement
of outcomes |
Bias in
selection of the reported result |
low/
moderate/ serious/ critical |
| Camarata 45 | 2020 | low | low | low | moderate | low | low | low | moderate |
| Tekian 46 | 2019 | low | low | low | low | low | low | low | low |
| Tomiak 53 | 2019 | low | low | low | moderate | low | moderate | moderate | moderate |
| Page 51 | 2019 | low | low | low | low | low | low | low | low |
| Abraham 19 | 2019 | low | low | low | low | low | low | low | low |
| Dallaghan 47 | 2018 | Low | moderate | Low | low | moderate | low | moderate | moderate |
| Karim 48 | 2017 | Low | low | Low | low | low | low | low | low |
| Gullbas 57 | 2016 | Low | low | Low | low | low | low | low | low |
| Junod 56 | 2016 | moderate | low | Low | moderate | low | low | low | moderate |
| Nesbitt 52 | 2014 | low | low | Low | moderate | low | moderate | moderate | moderate |
| Jackson 49 | 2014 | low | low | Low | low | low | Low | Low | Low |
| Gauthier 54 | 2014 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Pelgrim 55 | 2012 | Low | Low | Low | Low | moderate | Low | moderate | moderate |
| Canavan 50 | 2010 | Low | Low | Low | moderate | moderate | moderate | moderate | moderate |