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. 2023 Jul 10;21:171. doi: 10.1186/s12964-023-01186-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — ROR-EVs are novel biomarkers for breast cancer. A Representative NTA of lEVs and sEVs isolated from peripheral blood of a breast cancer (BC) patient. B lEVs from four BC patients were characterized by western blot for the expression of common lEV markers (α-actinin-4, RGAP1, ꞵ-Actin) or lipoprotein contaminants (ApoA1, ApoB). C Flow cytometry of patient-derived lEVs including PBS + 1%EV-depleted FCS, ROR2 antibody-only or size beads as controls. D + E The percentage of lEVs carrying the tumor-related antigens ROR1, ROR2, or EpCAM isolated from healthy controls (CTL) or BC patients was measured by flow cytometry. Shown are representatives histograms from one breast cancer patient for each marker (D) as well as the quantification from all analyzed samples (E). Boxes mark the 25–75 percentiles (line at median) and whiskers the 5–95 percentile. Significance was calculated with a Mann–Whitney test. F + G ROC analyses of EV-associated ROR1, ROR2 and EpCAM alone (E) or of all three markers combined (F)