Table 1.
Delivery modalities for COVID-19 vaccination in the CVIC tool [9]
| Delivery modality | Examples | Linked target populations | Cost implication |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Fixed sites with cold storage equipment | Hospitals and health facilities |
▪ Healthcare workers ▪ Essential workers and related groups ▪ Older adults (optional to include their household members) ▪ Immunocompromised persons ▪ Groups with comorbidities or health states that put them at increased risk of severe diseases (optional to include their household members) ▪ Disadvantaged socioeconomic groups at increased risk of severe disease or death ▪ Remaining groups |
The least costly delivery modality due to: ▪ ability to store vaccines; ▪ no per diems and transport for healthcare workers; and ▪ fewer requirements for demand-generation activities |
| 2. Fixed sites without cold storage equipment | Small health centres, community halls and mass vaccination sites |
▪ Essential workers and related groups ▪ Older adults (optional to include their household members) ▪ Immunocompromised persons ▪ Groups with comorbidities or health states that put them at increased risk of severe diseases (optional to include their household members) ▪ Disadvantaged socioeconomic groups at increased risk of severe disease or death ▪ Remaining groups |
More costly than modalities 1 and 3 due to: ▪ transport of vaccines in cold boxes and vaccine carriers; ▪ per diems and transport required for healthcare workers; and ▪ some demand-generation activities required for information of venues and times for vaccination |
| 3. Residential institutions | Elderly homes and refugee camps |
▪ Older adults and staff in residential institutions ▪ Disadvantaged socioeconomic groups at increased risk of severe disease or death and staff in residential institutions |
More costly than modality 1 due to: ▪ transport of vaccines in cold boxes and vaccine carriers; and ▪ per diems and transport required for healthcare workers Less costly than modality 2 due to: ▪ fewer demand-generation activities for less mobile populations |
| 4. Outreach with overnight stays for healthcare workers and mobile vaccination | Outreach to hard-to-reach groups | Hard-to-reach populations |
The most costly delivery modality due to: ▪ transport of vaccines in cold boxes and vaccine carriers; ▪ most per diems and transport required for healthcare workers for overnight stays; and ▪ most intensive demand-generation activities required for communicating benefits of vaccination |