Table 2.
Findings of central venous pressure, renal ultrasonography, echocardiography at the IRVF measurement
| Intrarenal venous flow pattern | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous (n = 16) | Discontinuous (n = 22) | ||
| Central venous pressure | |||
| Mean CVP (cmH2O) (mean [SD]) | 10.7 (2.5) | 9.2 (3.2) | 0.154 |
| CVP a wave (cmH2O) (mean [SD]) | 11.9 (2.7) | 11.5 (3.9) | 0.771 |
| CVP v wave (cmH2O) (mean [SD]) | 11.4 (3.1) | 10.3 (3.6) | 0.306 |
| Renal ultrasonography | |||
| Intrarenal venous information | |||
| Venous impedance index | 0.41 [0.31, 0.52] | NA | |
| IRVF discontinuous timea (msec) | NA | 251 [123, 312] | |
| IRVF discontinuous time ratiob | NA | 0.26 [0.19, 0.45] | |
| Intrarenal arterial information | |||
| Renal resistance index | 0.67 [0.61, 0.77] | 0.76 [0.71, 0.79] | 0.071 |
| Kidney size | |||
| Longer diameter (mm) (median [IQR]) | 111 [102, 115] | 103 [93, 107] | 0.051 |
| Shorter diameter (mm) (median [IQR]) | 55 [51, 63] | 51 [46, 58] | 0.062 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| Visual ejection fraction, No. (%) | 0.587 | ||
| 60% < | 7 (43.8) | 7 (31.8) | |
| 40–60% | 6 (37.5) | 12 (54.5) | |
| 20–40% | 3 (18.8) | 2 (9.1) | |
| < 20% | 0 (0) | 1 (4.5) | |
| E wave (median [IQR]) | 79.0 [65.8, 87.0] | 73.0 [53.6, 102.3] | 0.657 |
| A wave (median [IQR]) | 72.0 [47.3, 88.8] | 60.0 [49.3, 83.7] | 0.667 |
| Moderate or severe TR, No. (%) | 0 (0) | 5 (22.7) | 0.061 |
| TR-PG (mmHg) (median [IQR]) | 22.1 [20.0, 25.7] | 22.9 [21.0, 32.3] | 0.366 |
| Inferior vena cava diameter | |||
| Maximum diameter (mm) (median [IQR]) | 22 [20, 24] | 19 [16, 21] | 0.024 |
| Minimum diameter (mm) (median [IQR]) | 20 [16, 22] | 15 [11, 21] | 0.029 |
| Caval indexc (%) | 5.9 [1.0, 17.3] | 16.0 [6.6, 30.2] | 0.054 |
A wave, Atrial filling wave, CVP, central venous pressure, E wave, Early diastolic filling wave, SD, standard deviation, IQR, interquartile range, IRVF, intrarenal venous flow, NA, not applicable, TR, tricuspid regurgitation, TR-PG, transtricuspid pressure gradient
aIRVF discontinuous time is interruption time of intrarenal venous flow.
bCalculated by (IRVF interruption time/cardiac cycle length),
cCalculated by [(maximum diameter—minimum diameter)/maximum diameter] × 100