Table 3.
Factors associated with depression grade and score (n = 4,063)
| Characteristics | Categories | Depression | PHQ-9 score | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | Ρ | B | Ρ | ||
| Age, years | 0.98 (0.93–1.02) | 0.261 | -0.05 | < 0.001 | |
| Marital status |
Married or partnered Unmarried or separated |
1.00 2.27 (1.59–3.22) |
< 0.001 |
0.00 1.13 |
< 0.001 |
| Family income |
Above average Below average |
1.00 1.25 (0.91–1.72) |
0.174 |
0.00 0.63 |
< 0.001 |
| Residential region |
Urban Rural |
1.00 1.08 (0.78–1.51) |
0.645 |
0.00 0.19 |
0.255 |
| Education |
College or higher High school Middle school |
1.00 1.51 (0.97–2.36) 2.01 (1.17–3.43) |
0.00 | ||
|
0.070 0.011 |
0.21 0.61 |
0.106 0.003 |
|||
| Employment |
Unemployed Employed |
1.00 0.55 (0.40–0.76) |
< 0.001 |
0.00 -0.57 |
< 0.001 |
| Drinking |
Never or < 1*per month 1–4*per month ≥ 1*per week |
1.00 0.73 (0.51–1.06) 1.01 (0.63–1.62) |
0.00 | ||
|
0.098 0.982 |
-0.03 0.45 |
0.804 0.026 |
|||
| Smoking |
Never smoked Ex-smoker Smoker |
1.00 3.47 (1.89–6.37) 2.14 (1.30–3.51) |
0.00 1.60 1.79 |
||
| < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| 0.003 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Menopausal status |
Pre-menopausal Post-menopausal |
1.00 1.22 (0.68–2.17) |
0.502 |
0.00 0.46 |
0.027 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 |
Underweight (< 18.5) Normal (18.5–22.9) Pre-obese (23.0–24.9) Obese (≥ 25.0) |
1.00 0.77 (0.33–1.79) 0.75 (0.32–1.77) 0.99 (0.38–2.63) |
0.539 0.512 0.989 |
0.00 -0.62 -0.79 -0.85 |
|
| 0.073 | |||||
|
0.028 0.034 | |||||
| Childbirth experience |
No Yes |
1.00 1.52 (0.79–2.94) |
0.209 |
0.00 -0.05 |
0.878 |
| Practicing aerobic exercise |
No Yes |
1.00 1.18 (0.87–1.61) |
0.283 |
0.00 -0.06 |
0.607 |
|
Restriction on activity |
No Yes |
1.00 7.91(5.36–1.66) |
< 0.001 |
0.00 3.99 |
< 0.001 |
| Diabetes progression status |
Non-diabetes Pre-diabetes Diabetes |
1.00 0.91 (0.65–1.27) |
0.573 |
0.00 -0.05 |
0.701 |
| 1.69 (1.08–2.66) | 0.022 | 0.63 | 0.008 | ||
Note. PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9