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. 2023 Jun 26;11:1002597. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1002597

Table 4.

Spatial error regression model estimates for low and high levels of smoking prevalence.

SEM Low smoking (n = 101) High Smoking (n = 111)
Est (95% CI) P-value Est (95% CI) P-value
Air toxics hazard score
[0] Ref -- Ref --
Low, [0–1] 7.26 (1.84, 12.67) 0.009 7.78 (−0.37, 15.92) 0.061
High, [1–10] 1.63 (−9.44, 12.70) 0.773 18.79 (6.10, 31.49) 0.004
Hispanic (%) 0.29 (−0.65. 1.24) 0.545 −0.46 (−0.88, −0.05) 0.028
High school or less (%) 0.53 (0.29, 0.78) <0.001 0.29 (−0.07, 0.65) 0.113
Population density (100 ppL per sq. mile) 0.07 (0.01, 0.13) 0.023 0.08 (−0.00, 0.15) 0.061
Distance to major highway (km)
≤5 km −2.66 (−4.60, −0.72) 0.007 −5.88 (−9.16, −2.59) <0.001
>5 km 4.36 (0.15, 8.58) 0.043 −2.41 (−8.31, 3.49) 0.423
Lambda 0.24 (−0.01, 0.49) 0.110 0.30 (0.09, 0.50) 0.015
Model statistics
Log likelihood −400.84 −486.05
R-squared 0.365 0.467
AIC 821.7 992.1
Moran’s index 0.014 0.363 −0.011 0.510

Est, regression coefficient estimates; ppl, people. P-values < 0.05 were bolded.