Table 2.

Estimated Effects of Incident Cancer and Education on Memory Function and Annual Rate of Memory Change using Linear Mixed-Effects Models, the US Health and Retirement Study, United States, 1998–2016.

Characteristic	β	Model 1a 95% CI	P-value
Memory function (SD units) and memory change (SD units/decade) in those with 12 years of education
Participants with no cancer during follow-up:
Memory function at age 75	−0.894	(−0.937, −0.851)	<0.001
Memory slope with linear age (centered at 75)	−1.111	(−1.140, −1.077)	<0.001
Memory slope with quadratic age (SD units /decade2)	−0.298	(−0.303, −0.293)	<0.001
Participants with an incident cancer diagnosis:
Difference in memory score right before cancer diagnosisb	0.052	(0.024, 0.080)	<0.001
Short-term change in memory following diagnosis	−0.060	(−0.084, −0.036)	<0.001
Difference in memory slope before diagnosisb	0.047	(0.021, 0.074)	<0.001
Difference in memory slope after diagnosisb	0.058	(0.019, 0.098)	0.004
Effect of one additional year of education on the following estimates:
Participants with no cancer during follow-up:
Memory function at age 75	0.050	(0.045, 0.054)	<0 .001
Memory slope with linear age	0.018	(0.015, 0.022)	<0.001
Participants with an incident cancer diagnosis:
Difference in memory score right before cancer	−0.003	(−0.010, 0.004)	0 .361
Short-term change in memory following diagnosis	0.005	(−0.030, 0.013)	0.219
Difference in memory slope before diagnosis	−0.006	(−0.014, 0.002)	0.149
Difference in memory slope after diagnosis	0.002	(−0.010, 0.014)	0.711

^aModel adjusted for sex, race, southern birthplace, childhood socioeconomic index, total household wealth, height, body mass index, vigorous physical activity, current and ever smoking, alcohol use, childhood self-rated health, and comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, lung disease)

^bCompared to participants with no cancer over the follow-up, as the reference group $$\begin{gathered} \mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}{\mathrm{y}}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{j}}=\mathrm{\beta }0+\mathrm{\beta }1\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\_\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\_\mathrm{d}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{g}\_\mathrm{f}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{w}\_\mathrm{u}{\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{i}}+\mathrm{\beta }2\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\_\mathrm{n}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{w}}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{j}}+\mathrm{\beta }3\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\_\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{j}}(\mathrm{z}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e} \\ \mathrm{a}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r})+\mathrm{\beta }4\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}{\mathrm{i}}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{j}}(\mathrm{z}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r})+\mathrm{\beta }5\mathrm{a}\mathrm{g}{\mathrm{e}}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{j}}+\mathrm{\beta }6\mathrm{a}\mathrm{g}{\mathrm{e}}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{j}}^2+\mathrm{\beta }7 \\ \mathrm{a}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\_\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\_\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{i}}+\mathrm{\beta }8\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{i}}+\mathrm{\beta }9\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{i}}{}^{*}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{g}{\mathrm{e}}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{j}}+\mathrm{\beta }10 \\ \mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{i}}*\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\_\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{s}\_\mathrm{d}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{g}\_\mathrm{f}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{w}\_\mathrm{u}{\mathrm{p}}_{\mathrm{i}}+\mathrm{\beta }11\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{i}}*\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\_\mathrm{n}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{w}}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{j}}+\mathrm{\beta }12 \\ \mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{i}}^{*}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\_\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{j}}+\mathrm{\beta }13\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{i}}^{*}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}\_\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}{\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{j}}+\sum \mathrm{\beta }\mathrm{k}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}{\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{i}} \end{gathered}$$