Table 3.

Estimated Regression Coefficients from Linear Mixed Models for Memory Function and Annual Rate of Memory Change by Education, US Health and Retirement Study, United States, 1998–2016

Characteristic	Educational attainment categories
	Model 2: <12 yearsa		Model 3: 12 to <16 yearsa		Model 4: ≥16 yearsa
	(n = 3 769)		(n = 7 918)		(n = 2 762)
	β (95% CI)	Interact ion P-valueb	β (95% CI)	Interact ion P-valueb	β (95% CI)
Memory function (SD units) and memory change (SD units/decade)
Participants with no cancer during follow-up:
Memory function at age 75	−0.989 (−1.063, −0.916)	<0.001	−0.822 (−0.853, −0.792)	<0.001	−0.762 (−0.867, −0.656)
Memory change with linear age	−1.209 (−1.232, −1.187)	<0.001	−1.070 (−1.084, −1.056)	<0.001	−0.983 (−1.008, −0.959)
Memory change with quadratic age, SD units/decade2	−0.281 (−0.293, −0.270)		−0.300 (−0.306, −0.294)		−0.313 (−0.323, −0.303)
Participants with an incident cancer diagnosis:
Difference in memory score right before cancerc	0.098 (0.034, 0.161)	0.637	0.070 (0.033, 0.107)	0.137	−0.016 (−0.075, 0.042)
Change in memory at the time of diagnosis	−0.100 (−0.153, −0.048)	0.154	−0.052 (−0.084, −0.021)	0.622	−0.038 (−0.084, 0.008)
Difference in memory slope before diagnosisc	0.053 (−0.011, 0.116)	0.400	0.062 (0.028, 0.095)	0.073	−0.017 (−0.071, 0.036)
Difference in memory slope after diagnosisc	0.051 (−0.041, 0.142)	0.981	0.050 (−0.002, 0.101)	0.252	0.089 (0.015, 0.163)

^aModels adjusted for sex, race, Southern birthplace, childhood socioeconomic index, total household wealth, height, body mass index, vigorous physical activity, current and ever smoking, alcohol use, childhood self-rated health, and comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, lung disease)

^bP-values are from the model including interactions terms with each educational attainment category, with the reference group ≥16 years of education.

^cCompared to participants with no cancer over the follow-up, as the reference group