Table 3.
Bivariable and multivariable associations of sociodemographic and drug-related correlates and any lifetime overdose (n = 533)a.
| Overdose prevalence | Bivariable associations | Multivariable associationsd | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Correlates | Number (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR p-value |
Permutation test for correlate p-value |
AOR (95% CI) | AOR p-value |
| Total | 234 (43.9) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–23 | 96 (40.0) | ref | ref | ref | NA | NA |
| 24–29 | 138 (47.1) | 1.34 (0.95, 1.89) | 0.10 | 0.29 | NA | NA |
| Gender b | ||||||
| Male | 152 (42.2) | ref | ref | ref | NA | NA |
| Female | 80 (47.3) | 1.23 (0.85, 1.78) | 0.27 | 0.17 | NA | NA |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White non-Hispanic/Latino | 174 (53.1) | 2.89 (1.91, 4.37) | <0.0001 | 0.10 | 1.94 (1.15, 3.29) | 0.01 |
| Non-white, non-Hispanic/Latino | 17 (32.7) | 1.24 (0.63, 2.45) | 0.53 | 0.46 | 1.51 (0.70, 3.26) | 0.29 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 43 (28.1) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Household income growing up (annual) | ||||||
| ≤$50,000 | 83 (36.7) | 0.85 (0.56, 1.27) | 0.42 | 0.30 | 1.21 (0.74, 1.97) | 0.46 |
| $50,001–100,000 | 70 (40.7) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| >$100,000 | 59 (58.4) | 2.05 (1.24, 3.37) | 0.005 | <0.01 | 1.88 (1.06, 3.33) | 0.03 |
| Do not know/missing | 22 (64.7) | 2.67 (1.24, 5.75) | 0.01 | 0.049 | 1.78 (0.70, 4.49) | 0.22 |
| Education b | ||||||
| Less than high school | 55 (51.9) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| High school graduate or GED | 84 (37.7) | 0.56 (0.35, 0.89) | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.54 (0.31, 0.94) | 0.04 |
| Beyond high school | 94 (46.3) | 0.80 (0.50, 1.28) | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.55 (0.31, 0.97) | 0.001 |
| Homelessness (lifetime) b | ||||||
| Ever | 165 (53.9) | 2.72 (1.89, 3.91) | <0.0001 | 0.02 | 1.29 (0.82, 2.04) | 0.27 |
| Never | 68 (30.1) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| HCV antibody status | ||||||
| HCV+ | 79 (75.2) | 5.29 (3.26, 8.60) | <0.0001 | <0.01 | 2.64 (1.47, 4.74) | 0.0004 |
| HCV− | 155 (36.5) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Regular nonmedical benzodiazepine use (lifetime) b,c | ||||||
| Yes | 159 (54.6) | 2.68 (1.88, 3.84) | <0.0001 | <0.01 | 2.15 (1.41, 3.30) | 0.0004 |
| No | 74 (30.8) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Regular nonmedical prescription opioid use (lifetime) c | ||||||
| Yes | 201 (43.7) | 0.94 (0.57, 1.55) | 0.81 | 0.90 | NA | NA |
| No | 33 (44.2) | ref | ref | ref | NA | NA |
| Regular heroin use (lifetime) c | ||||||
| Yes | 217 (50.7) | 5.32 (3.06, 9.25) | <0.0001 | 0.24 | 1.23 (0.58, 2.64) | 0.59 |
| No | 17 (16.2) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Regular heroin injection (lifetime) b,c | ||||||
| Yes | 181 (58.8) | 4.69 (3.19, 6.88) | <0.0001 | <0.01 | 1.52 (0.88, 2.62) | 0.14 |
| No | 52 (23.3) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Regular prescription opioid injection (lifetime) c | ||||||
| Yes | 70 (76.1) | 5.37 (3.21, 9.01) | <0.0001 | <0.01 | 1.96 (1.07, 3.60) | 0.03 |
| No | 164 (37.2) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Non-sterile syringe use (past 12 months) | ||||||
| Yes | 92 (69.2) | 4.08 (2.68, 6.21) | <0.0001 | <0.01 | 1.70 (1.03, 2.81) | 0.04 |
| No | 142 (35.5) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
| Drug binging (past 30 days) | ||||||
| Yes | 178 (48.6) | 1.87 (1.28, 2.75) | 0.001 | 0.06 | 1.35 (0.86, 2.13) | 0.20 |
| No | 56 (33.5) | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref |
OR, odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ref, referent; NA, not applicable.
Six participants were missing data on overdose and were omitted from analyses.
Total n’s for these variables are 1 or 2 participants <234 (the number of participants who reported lifetime overdose) due to missing data.
“Regular” is defined as 3 or more times per week for at least 1 month.
Multivariable model adjusted for all variables associated with overdose at p < 0.05 in bivariable models, including: race/ethnicity, income, education, homelessness, HCV, regular benzodiazepine use, regular heroin use, regular heroin injection, regular prescription opioid injection, non-sterile syringe use, and drug binging.