Table 1.
Number of Malus sylvestris seedlings used in this study for population genetic analyses inferred with STRUCTURE for K = 8, with 13 microsatellite markers and phenotyping (growth and carbon uptake-related traits).
| Clusters | N pure | N ww | N cw | N dom | N no cluster | Total measured for phenotypic traits | Population name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (light green) | 32 | 46 | 7 | 0 | 10 | 92 | FR-W |
| Q2 (yellow) | 0 | 52 | 5 | 0 | 4 | 57 | FR-E |
| Q3 (pink) | 28 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 28 | FR-Lor | |
| Q4 (blue) | 61 | 21 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 85 | DA |
| Q5 (purple) | 23 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 34 | IT |
| Q6 (dark green) | 66 | 17 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 83 | AUT |
| Q7 (red) | 77 | 34 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 113 | RO |
| Q8 (black; M. domestica) | 40 | 0 | 46 | 21 | 8 | 73 | DOM |
| Total | 287 | 175 | 68 | 21 | 33 | 551 (584) | |
| Total measured for height and number of leaves | 282 | 167 | 63 | 21 | 32 | 533 (565) | |
| Total measured for leaf chlorophyll and flavonol contents, NBI | 129 | 82 | 22 | 6 | 18 | 239 (257) | |
Abbreviations: NBI, nitrogen balance index; Npure, the number of seedlings assigned to a wild gene pool with a membership coefficient > 0.9; Nww, the number of wild–wild hybrids (i.e. seedlings with a membership coefficient > 0.1 to a wild gene pool other than its own wild gene pool and a membership coefficient < 0.1 to the Malus domestica gene pool); Ncw, the number of crop–wild hybrids (i.e. seedlings assigned to the M. domestica gene pool with a membership coefficient > 0.1); Nno cluster, seedlings that could not be assigned to any defined gene pool. The total measured for phenotypic traits is the number of individuals measured for each phenotypic trait and included in the statistical analyses; the number in parentheses represents the initial sample size before data were filtered for statistical analyses. ‘Wild population name’ specifies populations defined with STRUCTURE for K = 8 excluding crop–wild hybrids and seedlings from misidentified mother trees (i.e. including only wild pure and wild–wild hybrids). Populations are as follows: Austria (AUT), Denmark (DA), Eastern France (FR-E), Lorraine in France (FR-Lor), Western France (FR-W), Italy (IT), Romania (RO) and M. domestica (DOM).