Table 3.

Student nurses’ pre- and post-training skills usage results.

Skills	Pre-Training M (SD)	Post-Training M (SD)	t(df= 156)
Agenda setting	0.07 (.28)	0.14 (.37)	− 2.14*
Declare agenda	0.05 (.21)	0.1 (.31)	− 2.72**
Invite agenda	0.01 (.08)	0.03 (.16)	−1.35
Negotiate agenda	0.01 (.08)	0 (.00)	1.00
Take stock	0.01 (.16)	0.01 (.08)	0.45
Checking	0.32 (.70)	0.42 (.75)	−1.16
Check understanding	0.26 (.58)	0.24 (.51)	− 0.76
Check preference	0.06 (.33)	0.10 (.45)	−1.02
Questioning	5.09 (2.48)	4.74 (2.31)	1.81
Ask open questions	3.62 (2.03)	3.33 (1.90)	2.17*
Clarify	0.15 (.41)	0.27 (.57)	− 1.70^
Restate	0.07 (.30)	0.14 (.37)	− 1.78^
Endorse question asking	0.19 (.46)	0.23 (.56)	− 0.46
Invite questions	0.9 (1.14)	0.73 (.87)	1.67
Information organization	0.33 (.53)	0.56 (.63)	—4.07***
Preview	0 (.00)	0.01 (.08)	−1.00
Summarize	0.01 (.08)	0.01 (.11)	− 0.58
Transition	0 (.00)	0.01 (.11)	−1.42
Review next steps	0.3 (.51)	0.51 (.55)	− 3.88***
Empathic communication	2.47 (2.34)	4.10 (3.05)	—6.47***
Encourage expression of feelings	0.58 (.90)	0.90 (.93)	− 4.08***
Acknowledge	0.57 (.93)	0.80 (1.09)	− 3.10**
Validate	1.05 (1.35)	1.57 (1.45)	− 4.06***
Normalize	0.14 (.44)	0.34 (.62)	− 4.02***
Praise patient efforts	0.15 (.44)	0.30 (.66)	− 3.52***
All skills	8.28 (3.57)	10.00 (4.10)	—4.69***

^{^}p ≤ .10

^*p ≤ .05

^**p ≤ .01

^***p ≤ .001.