Table 4.
Factors Associated with GBS Prevalence Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at BHUTH from June 1 to August 2022 (n = 213)
| Variables | Category | GBS (+) N (%) | GBS (-) N (%) | Total (N) | COR (95% CI) | p-value | AOR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ages Group | 15–19 | 5 (26.3%) | 14 (73.7%) | 19 | 1.310 (0.335–5.117) | 0.698 | ||
| 20–24 | 8 (15.7%) | 43 (84.3%) | 51 | 0.682 (0.210–2.212) | 0.524 | |||
| 25–29 | 11 (15.3%) | 61 (84.7%) | 72 | 0.661 (0.218–2.002) | 0.464 | |||
| 30–34 | 6 (14.0%) | 37 (86.0%) | 43 | 0.595 (0.171–2.072) | 0.414 | |||
| 35–39 | 6 (21.4%) | 22 (78.6%) | 28 | 1 | ||||
| Marital status | Single | 1 (14.3%) | 6 (85.7%) | 7 | 1 | |||
| Married | 32 (16.5%) | 162 (83.5%) | 194 | 1.185 (0.138–10.182) | 0.877 | |||
| Divorced | 2 (28.6%) | 5 (71.4%) | 7 | 2.400 (0.165–34.928) | 0.522 | |||
| Widowed | 1 (20.0%) | 4 (80.0%) | 5 | 1.500 (0.071–31.575) | 0.794 | |||
| Residency | Urban | 22 (15.8%) | 117 (84.2%) | 139 | 1 | |||
| Rural | 14 (18.9%) | 60 (81.1%) | 74 | 1.241 (0.593–2.598) | 0.567 | |||
| Educational Level | No formal education | 12 (17.1%) | 58 (82.9%) | 70 | 0.862 (0.29–2.555) | 0.789 | ||
| Grade 1–8 | 10 (15.2%) | 56 (84.8%) | 66 | 0.744 (0.244–2.273) | 0.604 | |||
| Grade 9–12 | 8 (17.4%) | 38 (82.6%) | 46 | 0.877 (0.272–2.834) | 0.827 | |||
| College and above | 6 (19.4%) | 25 (80.6%) | 31 | 1 | ||||
| Occupation | Employed | 2 (8.0%) | 23 (92.0%) | 25 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Unemployed | 34 (18.1%) | 154 (81.9%) | 188 | 2.539 (0.571–11.287) | 0.221 | 2.564 (0.534–12.319) | 0.240 | |
| Gravidity | Primigravida | 12 (13.6%) | 76 (86.4%) | 88 | 1 | |||
| Multigravida | 24 (19.2%) | 101 (80.8%) | 125 | 1.505 (0.708–3.199) | 0.288 | |||
| ANC visits | <4 | 10 (20.4%) | 39 (79.6%) | 49 | 1.361 (0.605–3.063) | 0.457 | ||
| ≥4 | 26 (15.9%) | 138 (84.1%) | 164 | 1 | ||||
| History of contraceptive use | Yes | 11 (19.0%) | 47 (81.0%) | 58 | 1.217 (0.556–2.665) | 0.623 | ||
| No | 25 (16.1%) | 130 (83.9%) | 155 | 1 | ||||
| History of antibiotic use | Yes | 2 (18.2%) | 9 (81.8%) | 11 | 1.098 (0.227–5.309) | 0.907 | ||
| No | 34 (16.8%) | 168 (83.2%) | 202 | 1 | ||||
| HIV status of the mother | Positive | 1 (25.0%) | 3 (75.0%) | 4 | 1.657 (0.167–16.399) | 0.666 | ||
| Negative | 35 (16.7%) | 174 (83.3%) | 209 | 1 | ||||
| History of stillbirth | Yes | 10 (41.7%) | 14 (58.3%) | 24 | 4.478 (1.801–11.136) | 0.001* | 2.876 (1.073–7.708) | 0.036* |
| No | 26 (13.8%) | 163 (86.2%) | 189 | 1 | 1 | |||
| History of abortion | Yes | 4 (18.2%) | 18 (81.8%) | 22 | 1.104 (0.350–3.480) | 0.866 | ||
| No | 32 (16.8%) | 159 (83.2%) | 191 | 1 | ||||
| Vaginal discharges | Yes | 21 (18.6%) | 92 (81.4%) | 113 | 1.293 (0.626–2.671) | 0.487 | ||
| No | 15 (15.0%) | 85 (85.0%) | 100 | 1 | ||||
| History of preterm delivery | Yes | 10 (38.5%) | 16 (61.5%) | 26 | 3.870 (1.586–9.444) | 0.003* | 3.406 (1.305–8.892) | 0.012* |
| No | 26 (13.9%) | 161 (86.1%) | 187 | 1 | 1 | |||
| History of (PROM) | Yes | 8 (38.1%) | 13 (61.9%) | 21 | 3.604 (1.370–9.486) | 0.009* | 3.351 (1.189–9.449) | 0.022* |
| No | 28 (14.6%) | 164 (85.4%) | 192 | 1 |
Note: Statistical significance at P<0.05*.
Abbreviations: COR, crude OR; AOR, adjusted OR; CI, confidence interval.