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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Addict. 2023 Jan 16;32(3):291–300. doi: 10.1111/ajad.13371

Table 3.

Demographics and concurrent outcomes of class membership.

Overall (N=474) Class 1 (N=45, 10%) Class 2 (N=25, 5%) Class 3 (N=404, 85%)
Variable N % or M (SD) N % or M (SD) N % or M (SD) N % or M (SD) Prob

Sex 0.4635
 Male 331 69.8% 30 66.7% 15 60.0% 286 70.8%
 Female 143 30.2% 15 33.3% 10 40.0% 118 29.2%
AgeatRandomization - Mean(SD) 474 33.7 (9.6) 45 33.4 (9.2) 25 35.6 (10.9) 404 33.6 (9.6) 0.5933
Categorized Age 0.6312
 25 or Younger 98 20.7% 7 15.6% 6 24.0% 85 21.0%
 Older than 25 376 79.2% 38 84.4% 19 76.0% 319 79.0%
Hispanic ethnicity 0.8389
 Yes 80 16.9% 9 20.0% 4 16.0% 67 16.6%
Race 0.4835
 Caucasian 358 75.5% 31 68.9% 20 80.0% 307 76.0%
 African American 47 9.9% 4 8.9% 1 4.0% 42 10.4%
 Other races 69 14.6% 10 22.2% 4 16.0% 55 13.6%
Education level 0.7014
 <HS 114 24.1% 13 28.9% 8 32.0% 93 23.0%
 HS/GED 156 32.9% 12 26.7% 7 28.0% 137 33.9%
 >HS 204 43.0% 20 44.4% 10 40.0% 174 43.1%
Employed 0.5479
 Yes 177 37.3% 20 44.4% 10 40.0% 147 36.4%
Homeless 0.7272
 Yes 125 26.4% 13 28.9% 8 32.0% 104 25.7%
Majordepressivedisorderhistory 0.0057 b
 Yes 153 32.2% 23 51.1% 11 44.0% 119 29.5%
Anxietydisorderhistory 0.0008 b c
 Yes 220 46.5% 30 66.7% 17 68.0% 173 42.8%
Psychoticepisodeshist 0.0002 b
 Yes 13 2.7% 5 11.1% 2 8.0% 6 1.5%
Sexualabuse(lifetime) 0.0082 b c
 Yes 133 28.2% 19 42.2% 13 52.0% 101 25.0%
EuroQoL Mobility
 none 416 87.8% 35 77.8% 19 76.0% 362 89.6% 0.0131 b
 mild-moderate 58 12.2% 10 22.2% 6 24.0% 42 10.4%
Self-care
 none 462 97.5% 43 95.6% 23 92.0% 396 98.0% 0.1228
 mild-moderate 12 2.5% 2 4.4% 2 8.0% 8 2.0%
Usualactivities
 none 395 83.3% 32 71.1% 18 72.0% 345 85.4% 0.0151 b
 mild-moderate 79 16.7% 12 28.9% 6 28.0% 55 14.6%
Pain/discomfort
 none 197 41.6% 14 31.1% 4 16.0% 179 44.3% 0.0067 c
 mild-moderate 277 58.4% 31 68.9% 21 84.0% 235 55.7%
Anxiety/depression
 none 145 30.6% 7 15.6% 7 28.0% 131 32.4% 0.0636
 mild-moderate 329 69.4% 38 84.4% 18 72.0% 279 67.6%

Note: Prob = Chi-square or analysis of variance differences test p-value. Bolded values are significant at the .05 level. Pairwise group comparisons:

b=

significant difference between Classes 1 & 3

c=

significant difference between Classes 2 & 3