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. 2023 Apr 28;34(4):642–652. doi: 10.1093/beheco/arad033

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© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — (a) Experimental design to test the effects of caregiver genotype on the growth and development of brood. (b) Raiding arenas used to house the experimental colonies, with a small nest chamber and larger foraging chamber connected by a narrow tunnel; image from (Kronauer 2020). (c) Broods’ duration of larval development, (d) survival, (e) intercaste proportions, and (f) body size in response to caregiver genotype (x-axis). For c-e, each point represents a colony. For f, each point represents an individual ant. Letters indicate significant differences; bars represent 95% CIs of the mean.