Table 2. Hypertension prevalence and odds ratios of hypertension among persons living with HIV—Zambia, 2021 (N = 101,363)*.
| Prevalence, % | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI)† | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 14.7 | ||
| Sex | |||
| Female | 13.7 | Referent | Referent |
| Male | 16.4 | 1.23 (1.19–1.28) | 1 (0.96–1.04) |
| Age group | |||
| 18–29 years | 4.3 | Referent | Referent |
| 30–44 years | 10.1 | 2.53 (2.33–2.75) | 2.61 (2.39–2.85) |
| 45–59 years | 21.6 | 6.19 (5.71–6.71) | 6.36 (5.81–6.96) |
| ≥60 years | 37.4 | 13.42 (12.26–14.7) | 14.54 (13.14–16.09) |
| Province | |||
| Central | 11.8 | Referent | Referent |
| Copperbelt | 18.1 | 1.65 (1.45–1.88) | 1.25 (1.08–1.44) |
| Eastern | 10.3 | 0.87 (0.74–1.01) | 0.62 (0.5–0.78) |
| Luapula | 5.6 | 0.44 (0.14–1.42) | 0.4 (0.09–1.67) |
| Lusaka | 15.4 | 1.37 (1.22–1.54) | 1.11 (0.97–1.26) |
| Muchinga | 3.7 | 0.29 (0.18–0.46) | 0.37 (0.21–0.63) |
| Northern | 10.3 | 0.87 (0.37–2.03) | 1.23 (0.42–3.58) |
| Northwestern | 12.4 | 1.06 (0.88–1.26) | 0.92 (0.76–1.11) |
| Southern | 14.6 | 1.28 (1.14–1.44) | 0.97 (0.85–1.1) |
| Western | 8.9 | 0.73 (0.62–0.85) | 0.78 (0.66–0.92) |
| Urban/rural designation | |||
| Rural | 9.0 | Referent | Referent |
| Urban | 16.0 | 1.92 (1.82–2.03) | 1.93 (1.81–2.05) |
| Years on ART | |||
| 0–1 | 10.8 | Referent | Referent |
| 2–4 | 12.8 | 1.21 (1.14–1.28) | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) |
| 5–9 | 15.0 | 1.46 (1.38–1.54) | 1.02 (0.95–1.08) |
| ≥10 | 20.1 | 2.09 (1.97–2.21) | 1.07 (1.00–1.14) |
| ART regimen ‡ | |||
| Efavirenz-based | 11.5 | Referent | Referent |
| Dolutegravir-based | 14.8 | 1.33 (1.13–1.57) | 1.15 (0.96–1.38) |
| Other | 13.7 | 1.22 (1.00–1.48) | 1.00 (0.80–1.24) |
| Most recent ART prescription length | |||
| <3 months | 11.3 | Referent | Referent |
| 3–5 months | 12.6 | 1.14 (1.04–1.24) | 0.98 (0.89–1.09) |
| ≥6 months | 15.9 | 1.48 (1.36–1.60) | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) |
| Body mass index (kg/m 2 ) | |||
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 11.6 | Referent | |
| Low (<18.5) | 8.6 | 0.72 (0.66–0.78) | |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 19.9 | 1.9 (1.82–1.99) | |
| Obesity (≥30.0) | 28.7 | 3.08 (2.93–3.24) | |
| Initial CD4+ count (cells/mm 3 ) | |||
| 0–200 | 15.2 | Referent | |
| 201–350 | 15.0 | 0.98 (0.9–1.07) | |
| >350 | 13.6 | 0.87 (0.81–0.95) | |
| Most recent CD4+ count (cells/mm 3 ) | |||
| 0–200 | 15.2 | Referent | |
| 201–350 | 17.0 | 1.15 (1.06–1.24) | |
| >350 | 16.2 | 1.09 (1.01–1.16) | |
| Most recent viral load count (copies/mL) | |||
| <1000 | 15.1 | Referent | Referent |
| 1,000–9,999 | 11.5 | 0.73 (0.62–0.86) | 0.96 (0.81–1.14) |
| ≥10,000 | 10.9 | 0.69 (0.61–0.78) | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) |
| Most recent creatinine ¶ | |||
| Normal creatinine | 17.3 | Referent | |
| Elevated creatinine | 28.1 | 1.88 (1.64–2.15) |
* Hypertension defined as ≥2 systolic blood pressure readings of ≥140 mmHg or ≥2 diastolic blood pressure readings of ≥90 mmHg among persons with ≥2 clinical visits during 2021.
† Adjusted for sex, age group, province, urban/rural designation, ART regimen, years on ART, script length, and body mass index.
‡ The most recently listed ART regimen in SmartCare electronic health record. If a regimen listed both dolutegravir and efavirenz, then it was excluded from the analysis (n = 128).
¶ Elevated creatinine defined as ≥115 μmol/L in men and ≥98 μmol/L in women, corresponding to glomerular filtration rate of <60 mL/min/1.73m2.
aOR: Adjusted odds ratio; ART: Antiretroviral therapy; CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio.