Box 3—figure 1. Bifurcation types, coexistence, and hysteresis.

(A) Illustration of super- vs subcritical bifurcations, where the thin red/green arrows mark the direction of the dynamics with respect to time, respectively. (B) Coexistence (bistability) is formed via the connection of branches emerging from the subcritical and saddle-node (SN) bifurcations, as indicated by the shaded region. Thick horizontal arrows indicate at which state the system persists for perturbations that do not exceed the threshold (dashed line).