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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychiatry Res. 2023 May 24;325:115266. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115266

Figure 2. The associations of social isolation with developing any insomnia symptoms (N = 9,430).

Figure 2.

Notes:

All hazard ratios (HRs) are weighted to account for the complex survey design. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. Model 1: Unadjusted. Model 2: Adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, and income. Model 3: Additionally adjusting for smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical exercise. Model 4: Additionally adjusting for obesity, depressive symptoms, activities of daily living, cognitive function, and chronic conditions. Model 5: Additionally adjusting for loneliness.