Table 2.
Hazard ratios (HRs) for the associations of social isolation and loneliness with onset of each specific insomnia symptom (N = 9,430).
| No. of events/No. of participants (%) | No. of events/No. of participants | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insomnia symptoms | Socially isolated |
Not socially isolated |
HR (95% CI) | P | Lonely | Not lonely | HR (95% CI) | P |
| Difficulty initiating sleep | 459/2,702 (17.0) |
935/6,728 (13.9) |
1.09 (0.98, 1.22) | .103 | 337/1959 (17.2) |
1,057/7,471 (14.1) |
1.17 (1.05, 1.32) | <.01 |
| Difficulty maintaining sleep | 408/2,702 (15.1) |
700/6,728 (10.4) |
1.15 (1.01, 1.31) | .038 | 318/1,959 (16.2) |
790/7,471 (10.6) |
1.31 (1.14, 1.50) | <.001 |
| Early-morning awakening | 492/2,702 (18.2) |
841/2,702 (12.5) |
1.19 (1.06, 1.34) | .003 | 398/1,959 (20.3) |
935/7,471 (12.5) |
1.36 (1.20, 1.53) | <.001 |
| Nonrestorative sleep | 438/2,702 (16.2) |
787/6,728 (11.7) |
1.11 (0.99, 1.26) | .083 | 388/1,959 (19.8) |
837/7,471 (11.2) |
1.49 (1.31, 1.69) | <.001 |
Note:
All hazard ratios (HRs) are weighted to account for the complex survey design. 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. Models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical exercise, obesity, depressive symptoms, activities of daily living, cognitive function, and chronic conditions.