Table 1.

Biomarkers' alteration in PD.

Biomarkers	Technique	Result	Ref.
α‐syn	—	Present	[16]
α-Syn total	Luminex assay	—	[17]
Oligomeric α-Syn	Gel filtration chromatography/western blot	↑
Total Α-Syn	ELISA	↓	[18]
Oligomeric α-Syn	ELISA	↑
Oligo/total α-Syn	ELISA	↑
Total α-Syn	ELISA	↓	[19]
Oligomeric α-Syn	ELISA	↑	[20]
Oligomeric α-Syn	ELISA	↑	[21]
Total Α-Syn	ELISA	↓	[22]
Oligomeric α-Syn	Electrochemiluminescence	↑	[23]
Oligo/total α-Syn	Electrochemiluminescence	↑
Total α-Syn	Electrochemiluminescence	_
α-SynPS129	Electrochemiluminescence	_
Oligo α-Syn	ELISA	↑	[24]
Oligo/total α-Syn	ELISA	↑
Fila-Syn/total Α-Syn	ELISA	↑	[25]
Total Α-Syn	Luminex assay	_	[26]
Total α-Syn	Mass spectrometry	↓	[27]
DJ-1
DJ-1	Luminex assay	↑	[26]
DJ-1	Mass spectrometry	↑	[27]
DJ-1	Immunoblotting	↑	[28]
DJ-1	Western blotting	↑	[29]
Substance P
Substance P	Radioimmunoassay	↓	[30]
Substance P	ELISA	↓	[31]
Substance P	ELISA	↓	[32]
Heme oxygenase-1
Heme oxygenase-1	ELISA	↑	[33]
Heme oxygenase-1	ELISA/western blotting	↑	[34]
Acetylcholinesterase
Acetylcholinesterase	Colorimetric method	↑	[35]
Acetylcholinesterase	Colorimetric method	↑	[36]
Cortisol
Cortisol	ELISA	↑	[37]
Cortisol	ELISA	↓	[38]
Cortisol	Luminescence immunoassay	↑(morning)	[39]
Cortisol	Radioimmunoassay	↑(morning)	[40]
Cortisol	—	↑	[41]
MicroRNA
miR-153	q-PCR	Downregulated	[42]
miR‐223	q-PCR	Downregulated
miR-784	q-PCR	Upregulated	[43]
miR-145-3p	q-PCR	Upregulated