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. 2023 Jul 10;13:11168. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38437-7

Table 1.

Arsenic (As) concentration in thermal waters of Chile24 (UTM Coordinates WGS 84 / zones 18, 19S).

As range (μg/L) Hot spring Administrative region UTM Altitude (m) Temp (°C) pH TDS (mg/L) As (μg/L) Geographic region
zone E N
 > 10,000 Puchuldiza I 19 K 504,281 7,853,446 4209 87 7.38 4526 11,950 Northern Chile
El Tatio II 19 K 602,331 7,530,506 4268 82 6.73 14,364 45,300 Northern Chile
Alitar II 19 K 637,318 7,439,332 4708 63.2 5.65 1820 23,900 Northern Chile
Negro Francisco III 19 J 491,796 6,946,892 4500 17.7 6.65 9719 15,000 Northern Chile
Toro IV 19 J 402,775 6,702,743 3484 54.4 6.73 5381 16,400 Northern Chile
1000–9999 Tacora I 19 K 412,889 8,040,771 4501 40.6 2.05 4247 3580 Northern Chile
Chirigualla I 19 K 481,487 7,971,793 4461 46.6 6.83 3809 6330 Northern Chile
Ascotan II 19 K 577,586 7,610,918 3728 21 7.15 3768 1270 Northern Chile
Aguas Calientes II 19 K 661,102 7,441,754 4226 49.8 6.61 21,753 3150 Northern Chile
Rio Negro III 19 J 518,123 7,067,954 4100 40.2 7.66 2320 1020 Northern Chile
Laguna Verde III 19 J 551,178 7,028,028 4355 40.5 7.52 3884 1270 Northern Chile
Saladillo V 19H 381,295 6,353,630 1765 24.7 6.57 3628 2570 Central Chile
Baños Morales RM 19H 407,534 6,247,777 2374 23 6.31 27,231 1310 Central Chile
Termas del Flaco VI 19H 368,693 6,130,552 1716 55.1 6.83 2153 2330 Central Chile
Pemehue IX 19H 262,959 5,782,067 768 38 7.05 2933 4460 Southern Chile
Río Blanco IX 19H 271,781 5,727,019 1288 81.3 4.64 198 1220 Southern Chile
100–999 Las Cuevas I 19 K 454,421 7,990,956 4487 32.2 6.99 1460 345 Northern Chile
Jurase I 19 K 446,034 7,986,486 4053 64.9 7.04 2147 357 Northern Chile
Chitune I 19 K 449,923 7,948,523 3555 33.9 9.04 830 350 Northern Chile
Surire I 19 K 500,105 7,909,346 4262 49 6.09 4826 749 Northern Chile
Parajalla I 19 K 509,466 7,885,769 4269 29.4 6.81 1271 256 Northern Chile
Pampa Lirima I 19 K 509,736 7,804,814 3994 66 6.19 1284 360 Northern Chile
Macaya I 19 K 481,849 7,774,010 2750 31 8.38 417 106 Northern Chile
Uruputuncu I 19 K 542,873 7,708,130 4021 36 2.43 7433 521 Northern Chile
Alconcha II 19 K 553,482 7,673,910 4185 43.4 6.46 893 213 Northern Chile
Carcote II 19 K 560,125 7,631,200 3691 24.2 7.08 7891 442 Northern Chile
Turi II 19 K 574,066 7,541,583 3088 22.1 5.83 2016 506 Northern Chile
Puritama II 19 K 598,217 7,487,190 3535 33.3 7.09 1857 700 Northern Chile
San Pedro Pozo 3 II 19 K 585,700 7,464,575 2430 25 7.39 2422 622 Northern Chile
Tara II 19 K 673,985 7,457,325 4320 19.5 6.94 745 164 Northern Chile
Miscanti II 19 K 627,574 7,377,232 4147 35.8 8.03 675 163 Northern Chile
Tilopozo II 19 K 577,705 7,369,627 2309 26.3 6.93 2757 408 Northern Chile
Aguas Calientes II 19 K 537,930 7,237,990 3668 24.3 6.83 1685 459 Northern Chile
Salar de la Isla III 19 J 536,695 7,163,035 3952 26.4 7.79 6263 360 Northern Chile
Colina Pedehue RM 19H 351,014 6,327,245 948 29 7.82 443 193 Central Chile
Carvajalino RM 19H 349,984 6,326,017 813 22.9 7.84 371 107 Central Chile
Tupungato RM 19H 415,984 6,308,513 2983 28.3 6.13 3765 311 Central Chile
Cauquenes VI 19H 356,709 6,209,255 759 48.9 8.5 3407 883 Central Chile
Medano VII 19H 340,983 6,034,212 984 32.5 7.18 1061 653 Southern Chile
Campanario VII 19H 356,931 6,022,173 1596 51.2 5.83 18,554 141 Southern Chile
Avellano VIII 19H 277,709 5,792,134 620 62.3 8.53 839 161 Southern Chile
Balboa IX 19H 265,222 5,684,573 850 66.5 6.79 871 225 Southern Chile
Geométricas X 19H 252,841 5,623,697 905 64.7 7.84 744 179 Southern Chile
Vergara X 19H 251,383 5,622,753 772 45.2 8.36 478 111 Southern Chile
Coñaripe X 19H 249,121 5,608,668 253 62 7.66 437 942 Southern Chile
Pangal X 19H 729,046 5,493,850 228 35.2 7.56 937 404 Southern Chile
Puyehue X 19H 725,795 5,489,751 347 48 7.85 440 469 Southern Chile
Aguas Calientes X 19H 727,359 5,487,111 471 62 6.92 636 385 Southern Chile
Rupanco X 19H 734,079 5,473,194 215 63 7.4 644 171 Southern Chile
Ralun X 19H 723,824 5,417,854 110 43 7.02 2940 577 Southern Chile
Puelo X 19H 722,951 5,382,193 32 35.2 6.44 4472 415 Southern Chile
10–99 Pozo Rio Lauca I 19H 464,168 7,980,123 4380 21.5 8.26 150 17.4 Northern Chile
Enquelga I 19H 521,865 7,873,169 3869 30.4 6.14 1821 55.7 Northern Chile
Chuzmiza I 19H 480,804 7,823,444 3377 42.5 8.16 624 32 Northern Chile
Guasquina I 19H 458,465 7,816,762 2000 27.5 8.48 425 30.2 Northern Chile
Mamina I 19H 477,924 7,780,502 2802 51.6 8.61 480 76.9 Northern Chile
Puquio La Calera I 19H 459,221 7,748,539 1390 31.8 7.78 2092 58 Northern Chile
Pozo Essat I 19H 446,143 7,739,834 990 27.3 7.65 1281 32 Northern Chile
Fuente Santa Rosa I 19H 462,980 7,733,912 1250 28.8 8.05 787 31 Northern Chile
Taira II 19H 542,004 7,584,400 3188 28.2 5.99 2241 56.1 Northern Chile
Capur II 19H 624,985 7,353,987 3955 22.8 7.57 6675 38 Northern Chile
Tuyajto II 19H 644,410 7,353,468 4039 32.6 6.45 2252 71.5 Northern Chile
Jahuel V 19H 350,574 6,382,665 1172 21.2 7.14 548 12.1 Central Chile
El Barro V 19H 355,068 6,376,511 1086 18.8 7.58 497 14.5 Central Chile
Paninavida VII 19H 281,575 6,039,788 204 30.7 9.91 382 42.2 Southern Chile
Manzanar IX 19H 263,912 5,739,326 755 52 9.78 261 30.3 Southern Chile
Malalcahuello IX 19H 274,737 5,736,701 962 41.5 9.24 199 45.3 Southern Chile
Alaska IX 19H 289,379 5,733,249 925 30.4 8.54 478 17.4 Southern Chile
Celis IX 19H 258,103 5,730,171 691 24.2 8.88 125 26.8 Southern Chile
Quimey-Co IX 19H 267,264 5,655,408 491 42.4 7.87 240 17.5 Southern Chile
Los Pozones IX 19H 271,455 5,654,872 588 53.2 7.91 301 81.1 Southern Chile
Panqui IX 19H 281,669 5,652,080 961 49.7 7.57 369 55.9 Southern Chile
Liucura IX 19H 259,081 5,650,777 328 28.8 7.97 257 29.3 Southern Chile
Menetue IX 19H 265,473 5,643,208 386 43.9 8.23 291 25.5 Southern Chile
Ancamil IX 19H 277,367 5,642,316 395 32.7 7.38 267 44.4 Southern Chile
San Luis IX 19H 268,077 5,642,034 407 35.8 8.27 239 13 Southern Chile
Trancura IX 19H 267,730 5,642,020 430 34.2 7.73 239 10.7 Southern Chile
Lahuenco IX 19H 280,952 5,635,954 398 27.4 8.24 257 10.1 Southern Chile
Rinconada IX 19H 270,078 5,633,141 661 29.1 6.84 787 45.1 Southern Chile
Palguin IX 19H 260,157 5,632,793 783 43.7 8.52 271 60.7 Southern Chile
Culan X 19H 248,731 5,614,027 357 33 8.36 268 61.2 Southern Chile
Quintoman X 19H 256,267 5,597,069 268 62.7 8.92 295 11.9 Southern Chile
Cerrillo X 19G 743,072 5,557,033 361 40.3 9.05 245 20.9 Southern Chile
Chihuió X 19G 250,204 5,546,584 336 81.5 8.72 431 11.1 Southern Chile
Llifen X 19G 733,359 5,545,890 187 18 8.32 144 32.5 Southern Chile
Rollizos X 19G 723,836 5,410,466 14 28.3 7.65 1291 30.8 Southern Chile
Pichicolo X 19G 703,000 5,350,466 96 37 7.66 281 33.5 Southern Chile