Fig. 1. Design and working mechanisms of the CoFe₂O₄@BaTiO₃/P(VDF-TrFE) membrane, which can enhance osteoinductivity on command upon reactivation by a magnetic field.

a Osteogenesis efficiency of CSCM at general state (red asterisk) and under co-morbidity conditions (red four-point star), as compared with electroactive materials (blue triangles), magnetic materials (green diamonds), photothermal materials (yellow hexagons), sonodynamic materials (brown triangles) and magnetoelectric materials (pink dots) under general state. Materials are classified according to the material morphology. The osteogenisis efficiency is represented by the ratio of bone volume to the total volume (BV/TV). Details and values of the aforementioned materials are listed in Table S1. b A schematic diagram of magnetic field reactivation of CSCM to repair bone defects under co-morbidity conditions. Created with BioRender.com. c A schematic diagram of the core-shell composite membrane (CSCM) reactivated by magnetic field and the internal phase transition.