Table 4.
Summary of descriptive characteristics by prognosis, stratified into good and poor outcome, and their association with final visual acuity of NLP and development of phthisis bulbi.
| Overall N (%) | Good outcomea N (%) | Poor outcomea N (%) | P value | Final BCVA NPL N (%) | P value | Phthisis Bulbi N (%) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, N = 198 | 0.008 | |||||||
| Female | 48 (24.2) | 8 (16.6) | 40 (83.3) | |||||
| Male | 150 (75.8) | 58 (38.6) | 92 (61.3) | |||||
| Laterality, N = 198 | 0.388 | |||||||
| Right eye | 85 (42.9) | 25 (29.4) | 60 (70.6) | |||||
| Left eye | 113 (57.1) | 41 (36.3) | 72 (63.7) | |||||
| Age (years), N = 198 | <0.001 | |||||||
| Median [25th; 75th] | 54.0 [33.0;77.0] | 37.0 [16.5;54.2] | 69.0 [46.0;82.2] | |||||
| 0–30 | 43 (21.7) | 23 (53.5) | 20 (46.5) | |||||
| 31–60 | 71 (35.9) | 32 (45.1) | 39 (54.9) | |||||
| 61–100 | 84 (42.4) | 11 (13.1) | 73 (86.9) | |||||
| History of eye surgery, N = 198 | ||||||||
| Cataract extraction | 57 (28.8) | 9 (15.8) | 48 (84.2) | 0.002 | ||||
| Corneal transplant | 24 (12.1) | 5 (20.8) | 19 (79.2) | 0.248 | ||||
| Type of injury, N = 198 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0,001 | |||||
| Rupture | 118 (59.6) | 19 (16.1) | 99 (83.9) | 76 (64.4) | 69 (58.5) | |||
| Penetration | 56 (28.3) | 34 (60.7) | 22 (39.3) | 15 (26.8) | 13 (23.2) | |||
| IOFB | 24 (12.1) | 13 (54.2) | 11 (45.8) | 6 (25.0) | 6 (25.0) | |||
| Mechanism, N = 198 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.007 | |||||
| Others | 70 (35.4) | 37 (52.9) | 33 (47.1) | 21 (30.0) | 21 (30.0) | |||
| Fall | 66 (33.3) | 6 (9.09) | 60 (90.9) | 47 (71.2) | 39 (59.1) | |||
| Work tool/machinery | 36 (18.2) | 14 (38.9) | 22 (61.1) | 15 (41.7) | 15 (41.7) | |||
| Assaults/fights | 26 (13.1) | 9 (34.6) | 17 (65.4) | 14 (53.8) | 13 (50.0) | |||
| Zone, N = 198 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| I | 74 (37.4) | 39 (52.7) | 35 (47.3) | 16 (21.6) | 13 (17.6) | |||
| II | 65 (32.8) | 22 (33.8) | 43 (66.2) | 34 (52.3) | 31 (47.7) | |||
| III | 59 (29.8) | 5 (8.5) | 54 (91.5) | 47 (79.6) | 44 (74.6) | |||
| Initial BCVA, N = 180 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| ≥ LP | 101 (56.1) | 52 (51.5) | 49 (48.5) | 24 (23.8) | 21 (20.8) | |||
| NLP | 79 (43.9) | 2 (2.53) | 77 (97.5) | 70 (88.6) | 63 (79.7) | |||
| OTS score, N = 179 | ||||||||
| Median [25th; 75th] | 37.0 [16.0;60.0] | 70.0 [59.0;90.0] | 27.0 [16.0;39.0] | |||||
| 0–44 | 103 (57.5) | 2 (1.9) | 101 (98.1) | |||||
| 45–65 | 33 (18.4) | 14 (42.4) | 19 (57.6) | |||||
| 66–80 | 21 (11.7) | 17 (80.9) | 4 (19.1) | |||||
| 81–91 | 13 (7.26) | 11 (84.6) | 2 (15.4) | |||||
| 92–100 | 9 (5.03) | 9 (100.0) | 0 (0.00) | |||||
| OTS category, N = 179 | <0.001 | |||||||
| > 2 | 43 (24.0) | 37 (86.0) | 6 (14.0) | |||||
| ≤ 2 | 136 (76.0) | 16 (11.7) | 120 (88.3) | |||||
| Delay to surgery (hours) N = 196 | 0.880 | |||||||
| ≤ 6 | 102 (52.0) | 36 (60.0) | 66 (30.0) | |||||
| 7–12 | 60 (30.6) | 19 (26.0) | 41 (74.0) | |||||
| >12 | 34 (17.4) | 11 (16.9) | 23 (83.1) | |||||
| Length of stay (days), N = 198 | 0.628 | |||||||
| 1 | 60 (30.3) | 20 (33.3) | 40 (66.6) | |||||
| 2–4 | 73 (36.9) | 27 (37.0) | 46 (63.0) | |||||
| >4 | 65 (32.8) | 19 (29.2) | 46 (70.8) | |||||
| Complications | ||||||||
| Lens damage | 158 (79.8) | 30 (19.0) | 128 (81.0) | <0.001 | ||||
| Choroidal/retinal detachment | 138 (69.7) | 19 (13.7) | 119 (86.3) | <0.001 | ||||
| Graft failure | 15 (7.58) | 2 (13.3) | 13 (86.6) | 0.154 | ||||
| Infection | 11 (5.56) | 0 (0.00) | 11 (100.0) | 0.019 | ||||
| Ocular hypertension | 28 (14.1) | 10 (35.7) | 18 (64.3) | 0.943 | ||||
| Further surgery, N = 198 | 0.880 | 0.305 | 0.473 | |||||
| Yes | 90 (45.5) | 29 (32.2) | 61 (67.8) | 57 (52.8) | 51 (47.2) | |||
| No | 108 (54.5) | 37 (34.3) | 71 (65.7) | 40 (44.4) | 37 (41.1) | |||
BCVA best corrected visual acuity, NLP no light perception, LP light perception, OTS Ocular Trauma Score, IOFB intraocular foreign body.
aFinal BCVA > 0.1 (decimal visual acuity) was considered a “good outcome”, and final BCVA ≤ 0.1 a “poor outcome”. In cases of visual acuity < 0.3 prior to the trauma, individuals with a final BCVA less than or equal to a third of their original BCVA were considered to have a “poor outcome”.