Table 2.
Meta-analytic cross-sectional associations between domains of psychological distress and mother-infant bonding problems
| ka | nb | Nc | r (95% CI) | I2 | Tau2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | ||||||
| Time 1 (birth to 1 week) | 10 | 22 | 2970 | 0.27 (0.20, 0.35) | 72.84 | 0.01 |
| Time 2 (> 1 week to < 3 months) | 39 | 63 | 12 416 | 0.41 (0.37, 0.46) | 88.41 | 0.03 |
| Time 3 (3 months to < 6 months) | 21 | 29 | 4799 | 0.47 (0.41, 0.53) | 76.96 | 0.02 |
| Time 4 (6 months to 12 months) | 15 | 21 | 6493 | 0.42 (0.35, 0.48) | 87.8 | 0.02 |
| Model Wald χ2 test: p = .0021: Time 1 < Time 2**, Time 3***, Time 4*; Time 3 > Time 2* | ||||||
| Anxiety | ||||||
| Time 1 (birth to 1 week) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Time 2 (> 1 week to < 3 months) | 11 | 17 | 5658 | 0.31 (0.25, 0.36) | 78.43 | 0.01 |
| Time 3 (3 months to < 6 months) | 4 | 7 | 723 | 0.39 (0.15, 0.59) | 81.58 | 0.03 |
| Time 4 (6 months to 12 months) | 3 | 3 | 2402 | 0.27 (0.24, 0.31) | 0.23 | 0.00 |
| Model Wald χ2 test: p = 0.598 | ||||||
| Stress | ||||||
| Time 1 (birth to 1 week) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Time 2 (> 1 week to < 3 months) | 2 | 2 | 1802 | 0.28 (-0.17, 0.64) | 97.68 | 0.11 |
| Time 3 (3 months to < 6 months) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Time 4 (6 months to 12 months) | 2 | 2 | 1616 | 0.46 (0.40, 0.52) | 5.62 | 0.0009 |
| Model Wald χ2 test p = 0.887 | ||||||
| Postpartum blues | ||||||
| Birth to 1 week postpartum | 3 | 5 | 339 | 0.25 (− 0.10, 0.55) | 60.9 | 0.01 |
NA = not applicable, insufficient studies to conduct meta-analysis
ak = number of studies
bn = number of effects
cN = combined number of participants in included studies
*p < .05
**p < .01
***p < .001