Table 3.
Meta-analytic longitudinal associations between domains of psychological distress in pregnancy and postpartum mother-infant bonding problems
| ka | nb | Nc | r (95% CI) | I2 | Tau2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression in pregnancy | ||||||
| Impaired bonding | ||||||
| Time 1 (birth to 1 week) | 3 | 6 | 1073 | 0.20 (0.14, 0.50) | 79.27 | < 0.01 |
| Time 2 (> 1 week to < 3 months) | 15 | 22 | 4964 | 0.21 (0.16, 0.27) | 62.04 | < 0.02 |
| Time 3 (3 months to < 6 months) | 2 | 5 | 497 | 0.25 (− 0.64, 0.85) | 57.78 | 0.01 |
| Time 4 (6 months to 12 months) | 2 | 5 | 2669 | 0.25 (− 0.04, 0.49) | 49.35 | < 0.01 |
| Model Wald χ2 test p = 0.581 | ||||||
| Anxiety in pregnancy | ||||||
| Impaired bonding | ||||||
| Time 1 (birth to 1 week) | 3 | 7 | 1073 | 0.16 (− 0.08, 0.38) | 48.95 | < 0.01 |
| Time 2 (> 1 week to < 3 months) | 10 | 16 | 4154 | 0.16 (0.10, 0.22) | 59.56 | < 0.01 |
| Time 3 (3 months to < 6 months) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Time 4 (6 months to 12 months) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Model Wald χ2 test p = 0.38 | ||||||
| Stress in pregnancy | ||||||
| Impaired bonding | ||||||
| Time 1 (birth to 1 week) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Time 2 (> 1 week to < 3 months) | 2 | 4 | 1802 | 0.15 (− 0.67, 0.80) | 81.46 | 0.01 |
| Time 3 (3 months to < 6 months) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Time 4 (6 months to 12 months) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
NA = not applicable, insufficient studies to conduct meta-analysis
ak = number of studies
bn = number of effects
cN = combined number of participants in included studies