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Semen characteristics of the proband.
| Semen parameters | Proband (II-1) | Reference limitsa |
|---|---|---|
| Sperm volume (mL) | 1.8 | >1.5 |
| Sperm concentration (106/mL) | 2.8 | >15 |
| Total motility (%) | 2.5 | >40 |
| Progressive motility (%) | 0 | >32 |
| Normal spermatozoa (%) | 2 | >4 |
| Coiled flagella (%) | 39.41 | – |
| Short flagella (%) | 24.63 | – |
| Absent flagella (%) | 24.14 | – |
| Flagella of irregular calibre (%) | 0.99 | – |
| Bent flagella (%) | 0.49 | – |
Reference limits according to the WHO standards.
