Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Author (year) | Country | Age (years) | Follow-up (years) | Sample size | Primary outcomes | Effect estimate | design | Subgroup | Comparison categories (mmol/L) and corresponding effect estimate (95% confidence interval) | Medicine using (lipid-lowering drugs) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liu, C. (2022) | UK | 40–72 | 8.9 | 14,478 | All-cause mortality | HR | PC | 1.96 (1.42–2.72) | NA | |
| CVD mortality | 1.68 (1.07–2.63) | |||||||||
| Liu, C. (2022) | United States | ≥18 | 6.7 | 5,467 | All-cause mortality | HR | PC | 1.63 (1.09–2.43) | YES | |
| CVD mortality | 1.57 (0.95–2.61) | |||||||||
| Liu, C. (2022) | UK | 37–73 | 19 | 415,416 187,465 227,951 |
All-cause mortality | HR | PC | All Men Women |
1.12 (1.03–1.20) 1.80 (1.59–2.03) 0.96 (0.87–1.05) |
NA |
| 415,416 187,465 227,951 |
CVD mortality | All Men Women |
1.25 (1.06–1.48) 1.95 (1.54–2.46) 1.04 (0.82–1.31) |
|||||||
| Li, H (2022) | China | 18–98 | 10 | 96,258 | stroke | HR | PC | 1.85 (1.63–2.09) | YES | |
| Yi, S. W. (2021) | Korean | 19–99 | 8.6 | 69,163 | All-cause mortality | HR | PC | All Men Women |
1.28 (1.22–1.35) 1.30 (1.23–1.38) 1.21 (1.11–1.31) |
NA |
| Yang, Zong-Ming (2021) | China | ≥40 | 8.71 | 176,243 167,444 |
All-cause mortality | HR | RC | 0.98 (0.78–1.22) 1.23 (0.96–1.58) |
YES | |
| Yang, Yeoree (2021) | Korean | ≥20 | 6 | 176,243 167,444 |
All-cause mortality | RC | Men Women |
0.98 (0.78–1.22) 1.23 (0.96–1.58) |
YES | |
| CVD mortality | Men Women |
0.85 (0.44–1.66) 0.63 (0.30–1.35) |
||||||||
| stroke | Men Women |
0.93 (0.66–1.32) 1.11 (0.84–1.47) |
||||||||
| MI | Men Women |
0.75 (0.47–1.21) 0.98 (0.65–1.48) |
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| Huang, Yu-qing (2020) | United States | ≥18 | 15 | 42,145 20,415 21,630 |
CVD mortality | HR | RC | All Men Women |
0.99 (0.78,1.26) 1.15 (0.79–0.66) 0.90 (0.65–1.25) |
YES |
| All-cause mortality | All Men Women |
1.14 (1.02,1.22) 1.43 (1.21–1.70) 1.02 (0.88–1.17) |
||||||||
| Chen, Chao-lei (2020) | United States | ≥18 | 15 | 11,497 | All-cause mortality | HR | RC | All Men Women |
1.20 (1.06, 1.37) 1.47 (1.20, 1.81) 1.09 (0.92, 1.28) |
YES |
| CVD mortality | All Men Women |
1.09 (0.83, 1.43) 1.11 (0.73, 1.70) 1.08 (0.75, 1.55) |
||||||||
| Oh, I. H. (2019) | Korean | >40 | 6 | 172,347 193,110 |
All-cause mortality | HR | RC | Men Women |
1.17 (0.99–1.39) 1.12 (0.91–1.38) |
NA |
| CVD mortality | Men Women |
0.69 (0.38–1.27) 0.71 (0.40–1.27) |
||||||||
| Li, X. (2019) | China | ≥65, <98 |
8.76 | 100,070 79,913 20,157 |
All-cause mortality | HR | PC | All Men Women |
Ref:1.00; 1.05 (0.93–1.18) Ref:1.00; 1.03 (0.92–1.17) Ref:1.00; 1.21 (0.80–1.81) |
YES |
| Gu, Xiaoying (2019) | China | ≥20 | 22 | 267,500 | Ischemic Stroke | HR | PC | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | NA | |
| Hemorrhagic Stroke | 0.94 (0.80–1.09) | |||||||||
| Hirata, A. (2018) | Japan | 40–90 | 12 | 43,407 21,108 22,299 |
All-cause mortality | HR | RC | All Men Women |
1.15 (0.90–1.46) 1.24 (0.92–1.66) 1.01 (0.67–1.54) |
NA |
| CVD mortality | All Men Women |
1.43 (0.92–2.23) 1.65 (0.96–2.84) 1.13 (0.53–2.42) |
||||||||
| Saito, I. (2017) | Japan | 40–69 | 15 | 10,571 20,165 |
Stroke | HR | PC | Men | Ref:1.00; 1.12 (0.90–1.41) | YES |
| Women | Ref:1.00; 1.01 (0.80–1.27) | |||||||||
| Hirata, Aya (2016) | Japan | ≥30 | 20 | 7,019 2,946 4,073 |
All-cause mortality | HR | PC | All Men Women |
1.01 (0.80,1.27) 1.02 (0.73,1.43) 0.96 (0.69,1.32) |
NA |
| 7,019 2,946 4,073 |
CVD mortality | All Men Women |
1.14 (0.74,1.74) 1.08 (0.55,2.09) 1.20 (0.68,2.11) |
|||||||
| Ding, D. (2014) | China | 40–85 | 5 | 1,916 | All-cause mortality | HR | RC | 3.06 (1.08–8.70) | YES | |
| CVD mortality | 4.83 (1.47–15.8) | |||||||||
| Okamura, T. (2006) | Japan | ≥30 | 9.6 | 8,384 3,504 4,880 |
All-cause mortality | HR | RC | All Men Women |
0.70 (0.53, 0.93) 0.73 (0.50, 1.06) 0.63 (0.41, 0.94) |
NA |
| 8,384 3,504 4,880 |
CVD mortality | All Men Women |
0.56 (0.31, 1.01) 0.65 (0.29, 1.45) 0.48 (0.20, 1.15) |
CVD, cardiovascular disease; PC, prospective cohort; RC, retrospective cohort; HR, hazard ratio; Ref, reference.