Table 2.

Risk Factors Associated With Poor Mental Health Outcomes

Author	COVID-19 Lockdown		Sex		Type of Sport		Level of Play
	Before	During/After	Male	Female	Individual	Team	Less Elite	More Elite
Batalla-Gavalda et al 3		✓ a				✓
Clemente-Suárez et al 6		✓ a		✓		✓		✓
Costa et al 7		✓ a	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Dauty et al 8		b
Davila-Torres et al 9		✓ a
Denerel et al 11		✓ a		✓
dI Cagno et al 12		✓ a		✓	✓			✓
Facer-Childs et al 14		✓ a
Fiorilli et al 16		✓ a		✓	✓		✓	✓
Garver et al 17		✓ a		✓
Gouttebarge et al 19		✓	✓	✓
Graupensperger et al 20		✓
Hagiwara et al 23		✓ a						✓
Håkansson et al 24		✓ a	✓	✓
Jagim et al 26		✓ a
Knowles et al 27		✓ a		✓
Leguizamo et al 29				✓
Martínez-González et al 30		✓
McGuine et al 31		✓ a		✓		✓		✓
Mehrsafar et al 33		✓ a
Melnyk et al 34		✓ a			✓	✓
Mon-López et al 35		✓ a		✓
Ozen et al 38		✓ a
Parm et al 39		✓ a		✓
Pensgaard et al 40		✓ a	✓	✓			✓
Pillay et al 42		✓ a		✓
Pons et al 43		✓ a		✓				✓
Roberts and Lane 45		✓
Rubio et al 46		✓ a			✓	✓
Ruffault et al 47		✓ a		✓			✓	✓
Şenışık et al 48		✓ a
Simons et al 49		✓
Soares et al 50		✓ a
Vaughan et al 51		✓ a		✓			✓	✓
Washif et al 54		b

^✓Increased risk for poor mental health.

^aRisk for poor mental health described as “high” without direct pre-COVID-19 comparison data.

^bMental health remained stable or improved with intervention (eg, training program, quarantine camp).