Table 1.

Antibiotics used as PPPs, as of January 2023.

Antibiotics used as PPPs
Class of antibiotic	Antibiotic	Countries or region	PPB	Reference(s)
Aminoglycosides	Gentamicin	Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico	Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis, Erwinia amylovora, Pectobacterium carotovorum, Pectobacterium spp., Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Pseudomonas spp., Ralstonia solanacearum, Ralstonia spp., Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, X. campestris pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas spp.	Vidaver (2002), Rodríguez et al. (2006), Stockwell and Duffy (2012), Sundin and Wang (2018), Taylor and Reeder (2020), and Miller et al. (2022)
	Kasugamycin	Brazil, Canada, Japan, United States	Acidovorax avenae, Burkholderia glumae, E. amylovora, P. syringae pv. garcae, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae	Yashiro and McManus (2012), Barbosa et al. (2018), Sundin and Wang (2018), and Taylor and Reeder (2020)
	Streptomycin	Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Hungary, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, South Korea, Switzerland, United States	Candidatus Liberibacter sp., C. michiganensis, C. michiganensis ssp. michiganensis, E. amylovora, P. syringae pv. actinidiae	McManus et al. (2002), Németh (2004), Rodríguez et al. (2006), Stockwell and Duffy (2012), Cameron and Sarojini (2014), Walsh et al. (2014), Sundin and Wang (2018), Lyu et al. (2019), McVay et al. (2019), Valenzuela et al. (2019), Vincent et al. (2019), Hijaz et al. (2020, 2021), Killiny et al. (2020), Lee et al. (2020), Taylor and Reeder (2020), and Miller et al. (2022)
	Validamycin	China	X. oryzae pv. oryzae	Bian et al. (2020) and Taylor and Reeder (2020)
	Zhongshengmycin	China	X. oryzae pv. oryzae	Wang Q. et al. (2021)
Macrolides	Aureofungin	South East Asia	NA	Taylor and Reeder (2020)
Nucleosides	Ningnanmycin	Western Pacific	NA	Taylor and Reeder (2020)
Quinolones	Oxolinic acid	Israel, Western Pacific	E. amylovora	McManus et al. (2002), Stockwell and Duffy (2012), Sundin and Wang (2018), Taylor and Reeder (2020), Dafny-Yelin et al. (2021), and Miller et al. (2022)
Tetracyclines	Oxytetracycline	Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico, United States	Ca. Liberibacter sp., E. amylovora, Pectobacterium spp., Pseudomonas spp., X. campestris pv. viticola, Xanthomonas spp.	McManus et al. (2002), Rodríguez et al. (2006), Stockwell and Duffy (2012), Naue et al. (2014), Sundin and Wang (2018), McVay et al. (2019), Vincent et al. (2019), Hijaz et al. (2020), Killiny et al. (2020), Taylor and Reeder (2020), Hijaz et al. (2021), and Miller et al. (2022)
	Tetracycline	India, Thailand	Ca. Liberibacter sp., Candidatus Phytoplasma sp.	McManus et al. (2002), Sundin and Wang (2018), Chanvatik et al. (2019), Taylor and Reeder (2020), and Rao (2021)
Thiadiazol	Bismerthiazol	China	X. oryzae pv. oryzae	Yang et al. (2021)
β-lactams	Amoxicillin	Thailand	Ca. Liberibacter sp.	Chanvatik et al. (2019) and Taylor and Reeder (2020)
	Ampicillin	Thailand	Ca. Liberibacter sp.	Chanvatik et al. (2019)
	Cefadroxil	America	NA	Taylor and Reeder (2020)
	Penicillins	Thailand	Ca. Liberibacter sp.	Chanvatik et al. (2019)

NA, information not available. A selection of antibiotics tested as PPPs can be found in Supplementary Table S1.