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. 2023 Jun 27;14:1192714. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1192714

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

The antiaging mechanisms of dietary supplements and natural products. The IIS, mTOR, AMPK, and SIRT1 signaling pathways modulate aging by interacting with one another. The IIS signaling pathway crucially regulates aging and is the earliest defined aging-related pathway. IGF-1 initiates complex intracellular signaling cascades by binding to high-affinity IGF-1 receptors on the cell surface, activating insulin receptor substrate (IRS) molecular phosphorylation, activating the PI3K-Akt pathway and p38/MAPK signaling cascades, and controlling multiple functions including mTOR activity and FOXO translocation. The IIS signaling pathways also inhibit AMPK activation. SIRT1 negatively regulates NF-κB signaling and plays an important anti-inflammatory role. Dietary supplements and natural products can delay the development of aging by mitigating cell proliferation, DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and activating cell autophagy and mitochondrial homeostasis. AMPK, adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-B; Nrf2, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2; IIS, insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling.