TABLE 2.

Representative polysaccharides and their bioactive substances related to antiaging activity.

Natural product	Model	Antiaging mechanisms	Outcomes	References
Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides	Rats	Activating D-gal	↑ SOD, GSH-Px	Zheng (2020)
			↓ MDA
			↓ β-galactosidase
			↑ FOXO3, AKT
Cordyceps cicadae polysaccharides	Drosophila	Antioxidant properties	↑ CAT, SOD1 and MTH	Zhu et al. (2020)
Neutral polysaccharides from Rehmannia glutinosa	Caenorhabditis elegans	Insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway	↑ SOD, CAT	Yuan et al. (2019b)
			↓ lipofuscin expression
Polysaccharides extracted from ginsenoside residues	Caenorhabditis elegans	Antioxidant properties	↓ lipofuscin expression	Sun et al. (2023)
			↓ ROS
			↑ SOD
Athyrium multidentatum (Doll.) Ching polysaccharides	Aging mice	Activating the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 and FOXO3a pathways	↑ PI3K, AKT, Nrf2,	Jing et al. (2019)
			↑ FOXO3a, OH-1
			↓ caspase-3
Polysaccharides of Cornus officinalis	Aging mice	Reducing the rate of cellular senescence	↓ caspsae-3, Bax	Wang et al. (2019)
Lycium barbarum polysaccharides	Caenorhabditis elegans;	Activating the IIS pathway	↑ Sir-2.1, daf-16	Chen et al. (2009), Xia et al. (2014), Zhang et al. (2019)
	Zebrafish		↓ p21, p53
Angelica sinensis polysaccharides	Nestin-GTP transgenic mice	Regulating the p53 signaling pathway	↓ p21, p53	Cheng et al. (2018)
Dendrobium officinal polysaccharides	Mice	Inhibiting inflammation and oxidation	↑ TAOC, SOD, GSH-Px	Wu et al. (2018)
			↑ IL-10, Bcl-2/p53
			↓ IL-6, IL-12
			↓ MDA