Table 1.
List of genetic targets directly or indirectly associated with a decreased antibiotic susceptibility due to biocide cross-selection
|
Modulation of cellular functions underlying cross-resistance |
Genetic target |
Biocidal active substances |
Reduced antibiotic susceptibility |
Bacterial species |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Efflux activity |
AbeM |
TCS |
Cip, Dox, Min |
[129] |
|
|
AcrAB/TolC |
FOR+GLU+QAC |
Acr, Amp, Cm, Tet |
[197] |
||
|
TCS |
Acr, Amp, Cm, Tet |
[197] |
|||
|
FOR+GLU+QAC |
Amp, Cip, Cm, Tet |
[200] |
|||
|
FOR+GLU+QAC |
Amp, Cip, Cm, Tet |
[200] |
|||
|
OCB |
Amp, Cip, Cm, Tet |
[200] |
|||
|
OCB |
Amp, Cip, Cm, Tet |
[200] |
|||
|
AcrEF/TolC |
ALD+QAC |
Cm, Cip, Nal, Tet |
[201] |
||
|
OCB |
Cm, Cip, Nal, Tet |
[201] |
|||
|
AcrR |
BAC |
Amp, Cm |
[7] |
||
|
TCS |
Amp, Cm, Lev |
[202] |
|||
|
TCS |
Amp, Azi, Cfc, Cfp, Cfz, Cxm, Cip, Ery, Gen, Lin, Lom, Oxa, Tet |
[12] |
|||
|
BAC |
Amp, Cm, Tet |
[203] |
|||
|
DDAC |
Amp, Cm, Tet |
[203] |
|||
|
AdeB |
CHX |
Ami, Cip, Dox, Gen, Imi, Mer, Min, Net, Sul, Tob |
[129] |
||
|
BAC |
Ami, Cip, Dox, Gen, Imi, Mer, Min, Net, Sul, Tob |
[129] |
|||
|
AdeJ |
TCS |
Cip, Dox, Min |
[129] |
||
|
AdeS |
CHX |
Ami, Cip, Dox, Gen, Imi, Mer, Min, Net, Sul, Tob |
[129] |
||
|
BAC |
Ami, Cip, Dox, Gen, Imi, Mer, Min, Net, Sul, Tob |
[129] |
|||
|
CepA |
CHX |
Col |
[204] |
||
|
CmeB |
TCS |
Amp, Cip, Cm, Ery, Tet, |
[205] |
||
|
DinF |
DDAC |
Amp, Tet |
[203] |
||
|
FepR |
BAC |
Cip |
[10] |
||
|
MdfA |
CHP |
Amp, Cm |
[7] |
||
|
TCS |
Amp, Azi, Cfc, Cfp, Cfz, Cxm, Cip, Ery, Gen, Lin, Lom, Oxa, Tet |
[12] |
|||
|
MepA |
BAC |
Acr, Cip, Nor |
[206] |
||
|
CHX |
Acr, Cip, Nor |
[206] |
|||
|
CHX |
Cip, Mup |
[116] |
|||
|
MexAB/OprN |
TCS |
Cip, Ery, Gen, Tet, Tmp |
[207] |
||
|
MexCD/OprJ |
BAC |
Nor |
[208] |
||
|
CHX |
Nor |
[208] |
|||
|
TCS |
Cip, Ery, Tet, Tmp |
[207] |
|||
|
MexX |
CHX |
Ami, Cef, Cip, Mer |
[209] |
||
|
MexXY/OprM |
TCS |
Cip, Ery, Gen, Tet, Tmp |
[207] |
||
|
MsbA |
DDAC |
Amp, Cm, Tet |
[203] |
||
|
NorA |
CHX |
Cip, Mup |
[116] |
||
|
NorE |
TCS |
Amp, Azi, Cfc, Cfp, Cfz, Cxm, Cip, Ery, Gen, Lin, Lom, Oxa, Tet |
[12] |
||
|
OqxAB |
BAC |
Cip, Cm, Flu, Nal, Nor, Tmp |
[210] |
||
|
TCS |
Cip, Cm, Flu, Nal, Nor, Tmp |
[210] |
|||
|
PmpM |
BAC |
Acr, Cip, Nor |
[211] |
||
|
SmeDEF |
TCS |
Cip, Cm, Tet |
[212] |
||
|
YihV |
TCS |
Amp, Azi, Cfc, Cfp, Cfz, Cxm, Cip, Ery, Gen, Lin, Lom, Oxa, Tet |
[12] |
||
|
Membrane permeability |
CarO |
BAC |
Ami, Cip, Dox, Gen, Imi, Mer, Min, Net, Sul, Tob |
[129] |
|
|
TCS |
Ami, Cip, Dox, Gen, Min, Net |
[129] |
|||
|
EnvZ |
CHP |
Amp, Cm, Nor |
[7] |
||
|
FabH |
TCS |
Cip |
[213] |
||
|
MipA |
BAC |
Amp, Cm, Tet |
[203] |
||
|
OmpA |
OCB |
Amp, Cip, Cm, Tet |
[200] |
||
|
FOR+GLU+QAC |
Amp, Cip, Cm, Tet |
[200] |
|||
|
BAC |
Ami, Cip, Dox, Gen, Imi, Mer, Min, Net, Sul, Tob |
[129] |
|||
|
CHX |
Ami, Cip, Dox, Gen, Imi, Mer, Min, Net, Sul, Tob |
[129] |
|||
|
TCS |
Ami, Cip, Dox, Gen, Min, Net |
[129] |
|||
|
OmpC |
OCB |
Amp, Cip, Cm, Tet |
[200] |
||
|
FOR+GLU+QAC |
Amp, Cip, Cm, Tet |
[200] |
|||
|
OmpF |
OCB |
Amp, Cip, Cm, Tet |
[200] |
||
|
FOR+GLU+QAC |
Amp, Cip, Cm, Tet |
[200] |
|||
|
OmpR |
CHP |
Amp, Cm, Nor |
[7] |
||
|
POV |
Amp, Cm, Nor |
[7] |
|||
|
PmrB |
BAC |
Pol |
[14] |
||
|
SbmA |
BAC |
Amp, Cm, Tet |
[203] |
||
|
Central metabolism |
AceE |
PHMB |
Gen |
[15] |
|
|
Biofilm formation |
Aes |
GLU |
Cm |
[7] |
|
|
Flu |
CHX |
Amp |
[7] |
||
|
PyrE |
GLU |
Amp, Cm, Nor |
[7] |
||
|
YeaW |
GLU |
Amp, Cm, Nor |
[7] |
||
|
Modification of specific target |
FabI |
TCS |
Cip |
[213] |
|
|
HAL |
Cip, Nal |
[8] |
|||
|
OCB |
Cip, Nal |
[8] |
|||
|
GrlA |
TCS |
Cip |
[213] |
||
|
GrlB |
TCS |
Cip |
[213] |
||
|
GyrA |
TCS |
Cip |
[213] |
||
|
HAL |
Cip, Nal |
[8] |
|||
|
OCB |
Cip, Nal |
[8] |
|||
|
InhA |
TCS |
Iso |
[214] |
||
|
RpoA |
AQAS |
Cm, Nal, Tet |
[8] |
||
|
GLU |
Cm |
[7] |
|||
|
RpoB |
PER |
Amp, Cm |
[7] |
||
|
BAC |
Amp |
[7] |
|||
|
BAC |
Rif |
[203] |
|||
|
DDAC |
Rif |
[203] |
|||
|
RpoC |
PER |
Amp, Cm |
[7] |
||
|
BAC |
Rif |
[203] |
|||
|
DDAC |
Rif |
[203] |
|||
|
Global regulator activity |
Crp |
BAC |
Amp, Cm, Tet |
[203] |
|
|
DDAC |
Amp, Cm, Tet |
[203] |
|||
|
GdpP |
SHY |
Oxa |
[215] |
||
|
Lon |
BAC |
Amp, Cm, Tet |
[203] |
||
|
FrdD |
TCS |
Amp, Amx, Cep |
[202] |
||
|
MarA |
BAC |
Cip, Cm, Ctf, Cxm, Flo, Nal |
[128] |
||
|
MarR |
TCS |
Cm, Lev, Nor, Tet |
[202] |
||
|
BAC |
Amp, Cm, Tet |
[203] |
|||
|
DDAC |
Amp, Cm, Tet |
[203] |
|||
|
PhoPQ |
CHX |
Col |
[198] |
||
|
RamR |
QAC |
Cm, Nal, Tet |
[8] |
||
|
ALD+QAC |
Cm, Nal, Tet |
[8] |
|||
|
SoxR |
TCS |
Amp, Cm, Lev |
[202] |
||
|
BAC |
Amp, Cm, Tet |
[203] |
|||
|
DDAC |
Amp, Cm, Tet |
[203] |
|||
|
SoxS |
BAC |
Cip, Cm, Ctf, Cxm, Flo, Nal |
[128] |
Acr, acriflavine; ALD, aldehydes; Ami, amikacin; Amp, ampicillin; Amx, amoxicillin; Azi, azithromycin; BAC, benzalkonium chloride; Cep, cephalexin; Cfc, cefaclor; Cfp, cefepime; Cfz, Cefazolin; CHP, chlorophene; CHX, chlorhexidine; Cip, ciprofloxacin; Cm, chloramphenicol; Col, colistin; Ctd, ceftiofur; Cxm, cefotaxime; DDAC, didecyldimethylammonium chloride; Dox, doxycycline; Ery, erythromicin; Flu, flumequine; FOR, formaldehyde; Gen, gentamicin; GLU, glutaraldehyde; HAL, chlorophene tertiary amine compound; Imi, imipenem; Iso, isoniazid; Lev, levofloxacin; Lin, linezolid; Lom, lomefloxacin; Mer, meropenem; Min, minocycline; Mup, mupirocin; Nal, nalidixic acid; Net, netilmicin; Nor, norfloxacin; OCB, oxidising compound blend; Oxa, oxacillin; PER, hydrogen peroxide; PHMB, polyhexamethylene biguanide; PIO, piovidone iodine; Pol, polymixin B; QAC, quaternary ammonium compound; Rif, rifampicin; Sul, sulbactam; TCS, triclosan; Tet, tetracycline; Tmp, trimethoprim; Tob, tobramycin.