TABLE 5.
Study design details, population characteristics, and key findings from case-control studies describing the associations between whole-grain intake and cognition, mood, anxiety, and depression outcomes
| Author, year | Country | Cases | Controls | Mean age [range], y | % Male | Racial or ethnic background (%) | Health status for controls | Dietary whole-grain assessment method (foods) | Outcome assessment method | Outcome analyzed | Key findings1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mood, anxiety, and depression | |||||||||||
| Davison, 2012 [47] | Canada | 97 | 1823 | NR [[19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70]] | 46.7 | NR | Generally healthy | FFQ and 3-d food record (whole grains) | Members of the Mood Disorders Association of British Columbia (MDABC) were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF), the Hamilton Depression Scale (Ham-D), and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) by a trained clinical interviewer | Mood disorders | Whole-grain intake was greater in controls vs. cases: ++ |
| Stefanska, 2014 [48] | Poland | 75 | 75 | 43.2 [[18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64]] | 26.7 | NR | 100% healthy | FFQ (groats and rye bread) | Identification of a 5-y, recurrent depressive disorder by a psychiatry specialist according to ICD-10 | Depression | Groats intake was greater in female controls vs. cases: ++ Groats intake between male cases and controls: 0 Rye bread intake between male and female cases and controls: 0 |
Abbreviations: DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; NR, not reported.
1
Key findings’ symbols: ++ significant associations (P ≤ 0.05); + marginally significant associations (0.05 < P < 0.1); 0 no associations.