TABLE 1.
Details of the selected studies and baseline characteristics of the participants
| Study | Y | Patients, no. | Mean age, y | Male, no. (%) | Median followup duration, y | Basic CVD | Intervention arm | Major clinical outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| JELIS [12] | 2007 | 3040 | 61 | NA | 4.6 | With or without CAD (previous MI, coronary, interventions, or confirmed angina pectoris) | 1.8 g/d EPA | Major coronary events (sudden cardiac death, fatal and nonfatal MI, and other nonfatal events, including unstable angina pectoris, angioplasty, stenting, or coronary artery bypass grafting) |
| GISSI-HF [5] | 2008 | 1974 | 67 | NA | 3.9 | Chronic heart failure | 1 g/d of ω-3 Fas (850–882 mg EPA and DHA as ethyl esters in the average ratio of 1:1.2) | All-cause death or admission to hospital for cardiovascular reasons |
| ORIGINALE [13] | 2012 | 12536 | 64 | 65 | 6.2 | A history of MI, stroke, or revascularization; angina with documented ischemia; a ratio of urinary albumin to creatinine of >30 mg per gram; left ventricular hypertrophy; ≥50% stenosis of a coronary, carotid, or lower-limb artery on angiography; or an ankle-brachial index of <0.9 | 1 g/d of ω-3 FAs (465 mg EPA and 375 mg DHA) | Death from cardiovascular causes |
| Risk and prevention [14] | 2013 | 7494 | 64 | NA | 5 | 1 CVD risk factor | 1 g/d of ω-3 FAs (EPA and DHA content not <85%, in a ratio that could range from 0.9:1–1.5:1) | The time to death from cardiovascular causes or first hospital admission for cardiovascular causes |
| ASCEND [8] | 2018 | 15,480 | 63.3 | 62.6 | 7.4 | No | 1 g/d ω-3 FAs (460 mg EPA and 380 mg DHA) | Nonfatal MI, nonfatal ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack、vascular death |
| REDUCE-IT [6] | 2019 | 4787 | 64 | NA | 4.9 | ≥1 additional CVD risk factor | 4 g/d Icosapent ethyl (ethyl ester of EPA) | Cardiovascular death, nonfatal MI (including silent MI), nonfatal stroke, coronary revascularization, or unstable angina |
| VITAL [10] | 2019 | 3549 | 67.1 | NA | 5.3 | No | 1 g/d ω-3 FAs (460 mg EPA and 380 mg DHA) | MI, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality |
| STRENGTH [15] | 2020 | 9170 | 62.5 | NA | 3.5 | ≥1 additional CVD risk factor | 4 g/d ω-3 FAs (EPA and DHA) | Cardiovascular death, nonfatal MI, nonfatal stroke, coronary revascularization, and hospitalization for unstable angina |
| VITAL [11] | 2021 | 3442 | 66.7 | NA | 5.3 | No | 1 g/d ω-3 FAs (460 mg EPA and 380 mg DHA) | Atrial fibrillation |
| VITAL-HF [7] | 2022 | 3537 | 67.1 | 49.4 | 5.3 | No | 1 g/d ω-3 FAs (460 mg EPA and 380 mg DHA) | The first hospitalization for heart failure |
ASCEND, A Study of Cardiovascular Events in Diabetes; GISSI, the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico; JELIS, Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study; REDUCE-IT, the Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial; VITAL, Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial.