TABLE 2.

The results of subgroup analyses according to key participant and study characteristics

Subgroup category	Subgroup	Systolic blood pressure				Diastolic blood pressure
		No. of studies	No. of participants	Effect estimate MD (95% CI) (mm Hg)	Test for subgroup differences	No. of studies	No. of participants	Effect estimate MD (95% CI) (mm Hg)	Test for subgroup differences
Study design	Parallel	11	928	−1.63 (−3.40, 0.14)	χ2 = 3.17, df = 1; (P = 0.07), I2 = 68.5%	10	888	−0.63 (−1.25, 0.00)	χ2 = 2.54, df = 1; (P = 0.11), I2 = 60.6%
	Crossover	5	362	1.51 (−1.46, 4.48)		5	362	0.94 (−0.88, 2.77)
Study blinding	With blinding	5	402	−0.08 (−1.88, 1.71)	χ2 = 1.61, df = 1; (P = 0.20), I2 = 37.8%	5	402	−0.63 (−2.18, 0.93)	χ2 = 0.60, df = 1; (P = 0.44), I2 = 0%
	Without blinding	11	888	−1.92 (−4.11, 0.27)		10	848	0.09 (−0.84, 1.03)
Study duration (wk)	1–4	1	40	0.10 (−8.82, 9.02)	χ2 = 0.14, df = 3; (P = 0.99), I2 = 0%	1	40	−1.10 (−5.99, 3.79)	χ2 = 4.89, df = 3; (P = 0.18), I2 = 38.6%
	5–8	9	487	−1.28 (−4.75, 2.19)		8	447	0.97 (−0.69, 2.63)
	9–16	5	670	−0.98 (−3.42, 1.45)		5	670	−0.20 (−1.17, 0.78)
	>16	1	93	−1.30 (−2.36, 0.24)		1	93	−1.00 (−1.81, −0.19)
Sample size	n < 50	9	353	−1.76 (−5.32, 1.80)	χ2 = 0.18, df = 1; (P = 0.67), I2 = 0%	8	313	−0.03 (−2.03, 1.98)	χ2 = 0.07, df = 1; (P = 0.79), I2 = 0%
	n ≥ 50	7	937	−0.91 (−2.51, 0.69)		7	937	−0.32 (−1.23, 0.59)
Participant sex	Males and females	11	1023	−1.52 (−2.75, −0.29)	χ2 = 0.48, df = 2; (P = 0.79), I2 = 0%	10	983	−0.24 (−0.96, 0.49)	χ2 = 1.72, df = 2; (P = 0.42), I2 = 0%
	Females only	3	209	−2.47 (−10.32, 5.38)		3	209	−1.67 (−3.74, 0.40)
	Males only	2	58	0.44 (−5.40, 6.29)		2	58	0.23 (−3.74, 4.20)
Participant age	<40 y	3	135	−3.72 (−13.59, 6.16)	χ2 = 0.29, df = 2; (P = 0.86), I2 = 0%	3	135	−2.49 (−5.07, 0.10)	χ2 = 7.54, df = 2; (P = 0.02), I2 = 73.5%
	≥40 y	8	860	−0.98 (−2.97, 1.00)		8	860	0.47 (−0.47, 1.41)
	Mixed ages	5	295	−1.21 (−2.22, −0.19)		4	255	−0.93 (−1.70, −0.16)
BMI status	Overweight/obese	9	703	−2.79 (−4.68, −0.90)	χ2 = 10.15, df = 1; (P = 0.001), I2 = 90.1%	8	663	−0.56 (−1.20, 0.09)	χ2 = 0.19, df = 1; (P = 0.67), I2 = 0%
	Mixed BMI	7	587	1.56 (−0.34, 3.45)		7	587	−0.19 (−1.72, 1.34)
Diabetes status	With diabetes	5	560	−1.00 (−3.85, 1.85)	χ2 = 0.11, df = 2; (P = 0.95), I2 = 0%	5	560	−0.13 (−1.50, 1.24)	χ2 = 0.46, df = 2; (P = 0.79), I2 = 0%
	Without diabetes	6	369	−1.39 (−2.39, −0.38)		6	369	−0.65 (−1.34, 0.04)
	Unspecified	5	361	−1.90 (−6.95, 3.15)		4	321	−0.38 (−3.22, 2.46)
Legume type	Lupin, flour	3	201	−1.57 (−2.81, −0.34)	χ2 = 0.34, df = 1; (P = 0.56), I2 = 0%	3	201	−0.46 (−1.64, 0.72)	χ2 = 0.21, df = 1; (P = 0.65), I2 = 0%
	Mixed, whole	13	1089	−0.82 (−3.04, 1.39)		12	1049	−0.10 (−1.09, 0.88)
Legume dose, weekly (g)	≤450	4	232	−1.15 (−2.18, −0.11)	χ2 = 1.17, df = 2; (P = 0.56), I2 = 0%	4	232	−0.91 (−1.70, −0.11)	χ2 = 2.66, df = 2; (P = 0.26), I2 = 24.8%
	>450 to <1000	8	668	−2.26 (−4.00, −0.52)		7	628	0.14 (−0.85, 1.14)
	≥1000 g	4	390	−1.36 (−6.27, 3.55)		4	390	−0.79 (−3.37, 1.79)
Intake frequency	1–4 d/wk	5	205	0.14 (−3.31, 3.59)	χ2 = 0.51, df = 1; (P = 0.47), I2 = 0%	5	205	1.05 (−1.55, 3.66)	χ2 = 1.22, df = 1; (P = 0.27), I2 = 17.8%
	≥5 d/wk	11	1085	−1.27 (−3.04, 0.49)		10	1045	−0.47 (−1.18, 0.24)
Dietary feature	Hypocaloric	6	515	−3.61 (−6.43, −0.79)	χ2 = 5.02, df = 1; (P = 0.03), I2 = 80.1%	5	575	−0.84 (−1.56, −0.12)	χ2 = 2.83, df = 1; (P = 0.09), I2 = 64.6%
	Usual diet	10	775	0.03 (−1.45, 1.50)		10	775	0.21 (−0.78, 1.19)