TABLE.
Subgroup analyses of dose–response risk of total fractures and osteoporotic fractures with alcohol consumption
| Subgroup | Total fractures (per 14 g/d increment) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of studies | RR (95% CI) | I2(%) | P1 | P2 | |
| All studies | 24 | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) | 82.4 | < 0.001 | |
| Sex | 0.583 | ||||
| Male | 10 | 1.06 (1.00, 1.13) | 83.0 | < 0.001 | |
| Female | 9 | 1.08 (1.03, 1.13) | 56.1 | 0.020 | |
| Both | 5 | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 0.0 | 0.449 | |
| Age | 0.714 | ||||
| < 60 | 14 | 1.07 (1.02, 1.11) | 84.9 | < 0.001 | |
| ≥ 60 | 10 | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) | 62.5 | 0.004 | |
| Region | 0.031 | ||||
| US | 12 | 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) | 59.4 | 0.004 | |
| Non-US | 12 | 1.09 (1.05, 1.13) | 85.3 | < 0.001 | |
| Sample size | 0.702 | ||||
| < 10,000 | 7 | 1.02 (0.83, 1.25) | 46.5 | 0.082 | |
| ≥ 10,000 | 17 | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) | 86.4 | < 0.001 | |
| Follow-up years | 0.362 | ||||
| < 8 y | 10 | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) | 83.4 | 0.005 | |
| ≥ 8 y | 13 | 1.08 (1.03, 1.13) | 62.3 | < 0.001 | |
| Study quality | 0.147 | ||||
| high | 21 | 1.06 (1.02, 1.11) | 83.8 | < 0.001 | |
| medium | 3 | 0.91 (0.78, 1.09) | - | 0.443 | |
| Adjustment | |||||
| Education | |||||
| Yes | 7 | 1.10 (1.04, 1.17) | 77.1 | < 0.001 | 0.182 |
| No | 17 | 1.03 (0.98, 1.09) | 84.4 | < 0.001 | |
| BMD | 0.356 | ||||
| Yes | 2 | 1.12 (1.06, 1.19) | - | 0.817 | |
| No | 22 | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | 83.6 | < 0.001 | |
| Fracture history | 0.836 | ||||
| Yes | 4 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 82.6 | 0.001 | |
| No | 20 | 1.06 (1.02, 1.11) | 76.5 | < 0.001 | |
| Smoking | 0.130 | ||||
| Yes | 20 | 1.07 (1.03, 1.12) | 83.3 | < 0.001 | |
| No | 3 | 0.99 (0.91, 1.09) | 0.0 | 0.368 | |
| Subgroup | Osteoporotic fractures (per 14 g/d increment) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of studies | RR (95% CI) | I2(%) | P1 | P2 | |
| All studies | 23 | 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) | 82.2 | < 0.001 | |
| Sex | 0.504 | ||||
| Male | 10 | 1.06 (0.99, 1.13) | 82.6 | < 0.001 | |
| Female | 9 | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) | 53.6 | 0.028 | |
| Both | 4 | 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) | 11.2 | 0.337 | |
| Age | 0.515 | ||||
| < 60 | 13 | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12) | 84.6 | < 0.001 | |
| ≥ 60 | 10 | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 58.3 | 0.01 | |
| Region | 0.014 | ||||
| US | 11 | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | 55.2 | 0.014 | |
| Non-US | 12 | 1.09 (1.05, 1.14) | 83.8 | < 0.001 | |
| Sample size | 0.886 | ||||
| < 10,000 | 6 | 1.05 (0.84, 1.29) | 51.0 | 0.070 | |
| ≥ 10,000 | 17 | 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) | 85.7 | < 0.001 | |
| Follow-up years | 0.261 | ||||
| < 8 y | 9 | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | 60.7 | 0.009 | |
| ≥ 8 y | 13 | 1.08 (1.03, 1.13) | 81.2 | < 0.001 | |
| Study quality | 0.226 | ||||
| high | 21 | 1.06 (1.01, 1.10) | 83.0 | < 0.001 | |
| medium | 2 | 0.92 (0.77, 1.11) | 6.6 | 0.301 | |
| Adjustment | |||||
| Education | 0.163 | ||||
| Yes | 7 | 1.10 (1.03, 1.18) | 64.2 | 0.010 | |
| No | 16 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) | 85.1 | < 0.001 | |
| BMD | 0.310 | ||||
| Yes | 2 | 1.12 (1.06, 1.19) | - | 0.817 | |
| No | 21 | 1.04 (1.00, 1.09) | 83.5 | < 0.001 | |
| Fracture history | 0.828 | ||||
| Yes | 4 | 1.04 (0.94, 1.15) | 83.8 | < 0.001 | |
| No | 19 | 1.06 (1.01, 1.10) | 77.3 | < 0.001 | |
| Smoking | 0.157 | ||||
| Yes | 19 | 1.06 (1.02, 1.11) | 84.2 | < 0.001 | |
| No | 4 | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) | 0.0 | 0.499 | |
BMD, bone mineral density.
P1: P value for heterogeneity within each subgroup. P2: P value for heterogeneity between subgroups with meta-regression analysis.