Table 1.
Included studies.
| Author | Study design | Participants/outcome poor (N/n) | Age (years) | ICH location (n) | ICH volume (mL) | Imaging modality and method of PHO measurement | Measure of PHO | Median PHO volume in poor and good outcome separately | Timing PHO measurement after onset | Definition of (poor) outcome | NOS score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gebel et al. 19 | Retrospective cohort | 48/nr | Mean 62.4 (SD 11.6) | Deep: 36 lobar: 12 |
Median 12.2 (range 0.4–124.5) | CT, semi-automated computer assisted | aPHO and rPHO |
NR | <24 h | mRS 3–6 at 3 months and death at 1 month | 6 |
| Alvarez-Sabín et al. 16 | Prospective cohort | 21/7 | Mean 69.0 (SD 12.92) | Cerebellar, deep, brainstem: nr lobar: 8 |
Median 18 (IQR 6.3–75.0) |
CT, manual segmentation | aPHO | Poor: 3.7 (0–27.7) Good: 6.8 (0.7–17.2) |
<24 h | Death at 3 months | 5 |
| Delgado et al. 18 | Prospective cohort | 78/48 | Median 75 (IQR 63–80) | Deep: 58 lobar: 20 |
Median 17 (IQR 4–38) | CT, manual ABC/2 | aPHO | Poor: 10 (1–25) mL Good: 0.94 (0–5) mL |
<24 h | mRS 3–6 at 3 months | 5 |
| Levine et al. 26 | Case-control | 98/nr | NR | Deep: 51 lobar: 47 |
NR | CT, semi-automated | aPHO | NR | <24 h | Death at 3 months | 8 |
| Sansing et al. 35 | Retrospective cohort | 287/nr | Mean 66 (SD 12) | Deep/lobar: nr infratentorial: nr |
Mean 23.3 (SD 22.8) | 96% CT, 4% MRI, semi-automated | aPHO | NR | At 72 h | Worse mRS at 3 months | 9 |
| Li et al. 27 | Prospective cohort | 59/9 | Mean 56 (SD 11) | Deep: 49 lobar: nr infratentorial: nr |
Median 10.0 (IQR 5.2–23.9) | 85% CT, 15% MRI, manual segmentation | aPHO | Poor: 10.0 (6.7–22.1) Good: 5.7 (2.5–11.7) |
<24 h | mRS 4–6 at 3 months | 7 |
| Tsai et al. 37 | Prospective cohort | 47/29 | Mean 65.5 (SD 12.7) | Deep: 40 lobar: 6 cerebellar: 1 |
Mean 19.6 (SD 13.8) | MRI, manual segmentation | rPHO | Poor: 1.2 (0.8) Good: 1.2 (0.6) |
<24 h | mRS 3–6 at 6 months | 6 |
| Gupta et al. 20 | Prospective cohort | 44/20 | Mean 54.95 (SD 9.80) | Deep: 38 lobar: 6 |
Mean 47.20 (SD 13.07) | CT, semi-automated (Able 3D Doctors) | rPHO | Poor: 0.51 (0.15)^ Good: 0.76 (0.24)^ |
24–72 h | mRS 3–6 at 3 months | 5 |
| Yang et al. 41 ,* | Prospective cohort | 1138/627 | Mean 65 (SD 13) | Deep: 955 lobar: 120, cerebellar: 31 brainstem: 28 |
Median 10.4 (IQR 5.4–18.9) | CT, semi-automated threshold-based | aPHO growth | NR | At 24 h | mRS 3–6 at 3 months | 8 |
| Murthy et al. 30 | Retrospective cohort | 596/367 | Median 66.0 (IQR 56.0–75.0) | Deep: 400 lobar: 176 infratentorial: 20 |
Median 15.0 (IQR 7.9–29.2) | CT, semi-automated planimetry | aPHO, rPHO, growth | NR, growth: Dead: 0.51 mL/h Alive: 0.17 mL/h |
<24 h (and at 72 h growth) | mRS 3–6 and death at 3 months | 6 |
| Ozdinc et al. 32 | Retrospective cohort | 106/43 | Median 62 (IQR 44–76) | Deep: 24 lobar: 82 |
NR | CT, semi-automated | aPHO | Poor: 39.9 (13.3–103.7) Good: 12.1 (11.3–20.1) |
<24 h | Death at 30 days | 9 |
| Rodriguez-Luna et al. 34 | Retrospective cohort | 322/188 | Mean 67.8 (SD 15.2) | NR | Median 14.4 (IQR 6.7–28.8) | CT, semi-automated with HU-thresholds | aPHO | Poor: 18.1 (10.3–33.2) Good: 9.5 (5.4–17) |
<24 h | mRS 3–6 and death on 3 months | 6 |
| Urday et al. 38 | Retrospective cohort | 110/91 | Mean 71.1 (SD 12.8) | Deep: 59 lobar: 51 |
Median 19.9 (IQR 8.9–47.9) | CT, manual segmentation | aPHO | NR expansion rates: Poor: 0.22 mL/h Good: 0.02 mL/h |
At 72 h | mRS 3–6 at 3 months | 7 |
| Wu et al. 40 | Retrospective cohort | 861/293 | Median 69 (IQR 50–78) | Deep, lobar, cerebellar: nr | Median 14.0 (IQR 6.1–40.1) | CT, semi-automated with HU thresholds | aPHO and OED | NR | 72 h | Death at 6 months | 9 |
| Iglesias-Rey et al. 24 | Retrospective cohort | 887/513 | Mean 72.9 (SD 13.1) | Deep: 458 lobar: 328 cerebellar: 46 brainstem: 34 |
NR | CT, manual ABC/2 | aPHO | Poor: 23.1 (25.5)^ Good: 8.3 (10.3)^ |
Day 4–7 | mRS 3–6 at 3 months | 9 |
| Volbers et al. 39 | Retrospective cohort | 292/185 | Median 70 (IQR 62–78) | Deep: 171 lobar: 121 |
Median 22.5 (IQR 8.9–46.4) | CT, validated semi-automated | Peak aPHO | Poor: 42.6 (281–67.4) Good: 23.8 (9–45.3) |
Day 1–12 | mRS 4–6 at 3 months | 7 |
| Chen et al. 17 ** | Retrospective cohort | 131/77 | Mean 63 (SD 13) | Deep: 110 lobar: 28 |
Median 15.6 (IQR 8.0–35.1) | CT, semi-automated (automatic ROI) | aPHO | Poor: 6.1 (1.4–16.3) Good: 2.1 (0.8–4.7) |
At 24 h | mRS 3–6 at 3 months | 7 |
| Hurford et al. 23 | Retrospective cohort | 1028/nr | Mean 64.7 (SD 12.1) | Deep: 869 lobar: 159 |
Median 15.0 (SD 22.9) | CT, semi-automated planimetry | OED growth | NR | Baseline – 72 h | mRS 3–6 at 3 months | 6 |
| Leasure et al. 25 ,+ | Retrospective cohort | 755/286 | NR | Deep: 755 | NR | CT, semi-automated | aPHO growth | Poor: 1.7 (0.9–3.0) Good: 1.1 (0.6–2.1) |
<24 h, at 24 h | mRS 4–6 at 3 months | 7 |
| Gusdon et al. 21 | Case-control | 80/29 | Median 66 (IQR 55.5–73.5) | Deep: 19 lobar: 51 infratentorial: 10 |
Median 9.1 (IQR 4.68–15.54) | CT, semi-automated | aPHO and growth | NR | <24 h | Death at 1 month | 6 |
| Loan et al. 28 | Prospective cohort | 342/292 | Median 78 (IQR 68–83) | Deep: 138 lobar: 170 infratentorial: 48 |
Median 22 (IQR 8–51) | CT, semi-automated | aPHO and OED | Poor: 29 (14–55), OED 3.3 (2.6–4.0) Good: 12 (5;18); OED 2.5 (1.8–2.7) |
Baseline (<72 h, median 6.5 h) | mRS 3–6 at 1 year | 8 |
| Pinho et al. 33 | Retrospective cohort | 358/93 | Median 71 (IQR 60–80) | Deep: 195 lobar: 114 infratentorial: 50 |
NR | CT, manual segmentation in ITK SNAP | aPHO and rPHO | NR | <24 h | Death at 1 month | 8 |
| Huan et al. 22 | Retrospective cohort | 159/77 | Median 58.0 (IQR 50.0–66.0) | Deep: 85 lobar: 74 |
Median 15.4 (IQR 9.6–22.0) | CT, semi-automated plane method | aPHO, rPHO and OED | Poor: 12.0 (8.1–19.2), OED: 9.9 (6.8–10.7). Good: 7.0 (4.2–10.0), OED: 6.1 (4.6–8.1) | 72 h | mRS 3–6 at 3 months | 6 |
| Lv et al. 29 | Prospective cohort | 233/89 | Mean 60.2 (range 29–94) | Deep: 200 other: 33 |
Median 13.4 (IQR 8.8–21.1) | CT, semi-automated computer assisted | aPHO growth | Poor: 7.5 (4.7–14.7) Good: 5.3 (2.6–8.3) |
<6 h, at 24 h | mRS 4–6 at 3 months | 7 |
| Nawabi et al. 31 | Retrospective cohort | 811/586 | Median 73 (IQR 60–79) | Deep: 322 lobar: 362 cerebellar: 88 brainstem: 37 |
Mean 47 (SD 54.11) | CT, semi-automated | aPHO | NR | <24 h | mRS 4–6 at 3 months | 8 |
| Shirazian et al. 36 | Retrospective cohort | 446/320 | Mean 64.9 (SD 15.5) | Deep: 199 lobar: 212 cerebellar: 35 |
Median 22.5 (IQR 12–40) | CT, ABC/2 | aPHO growth | Poor: 44.1 (27.6–70), Good: 19.47 (16–36) | 24–48 h | mRS 4–6 at 3 months, death at 1 month | 7 |
| Ye et al. 42 | Retrospective cohort | 197/99 | Mean 59.6 (SD 12.9) | Deep: 145 lobar: 52 |
Median 12.7 (IQR 5.8–20.9) | CT, semi-automated planimetry | aPHO growth | NR | Baseline – day 3 | mRS 4–6 at 3 months | 5 |
ICH: intracerebral haemorrhage; IVH: intraventricular haemorrhage; PHO: perihematomal oedema; NOS: Newcastle Ottawa Scale; NA: not applicable; NR: not reported; SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range; CT: computed tomography scan; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; mRS: modified Rankin scale score; ROI: region of interest.
*
ICH location as reported by the authors (n = 1134). This is discrepant with the total study population (n = 1138). **ICH location as reported by the authors for the participants included in the outcome analysis (n = 131), which differs from the total study population (n = 138). ^Mean (SD) presented instead of median (IQR). +Leasure et al. is an exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial.