Table 3.
Overview of LC methods used for analysis of SCFAs.
| Matrix | Pretreatment | Stationary phase | Mobile phase | Detection | LOD | LOQ | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum | Derivatization | RP mode, Ascentis® Express Phenyl-Hexyl column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 2.7 μm) |
A = 5 mM aqueous ammonium acetate B = isopropanol C = methanol Gradient elution Flow rate: 0.2 mL.min-1 |
MS/MS | — | 5 pmol (FA 4:0) and 0.12 pmol (FA 6:0) | (102) |
| Feces | Liquid-liquid extraction | RP mode, Hypersil Gold aQ columns (150 mm x 4.6 mm, 3 and 5 µm) | A = 20 mM of NaH2PO4 (pH 2.2 adjusted with phosphoric acid) B = acetonitrile Gradient elution Flow rate: 1.25 mL.min-1 |
UV (210 nm) | 0.13 – 0.23 mM | — | (168) |
| Feces | Derivatization | RP mode, Waters BEH C18 (100 mm x 2.1.mm, 1,7 μm) | A = water containing 0.01% formic acid B = acetonitrile containing 0.01% formic acid Gradient elution Flow rate: 0.35 mL.min-1 |
MS/MS | 0.3 – 15 fmol | 0.3 - 45 fmol | (147) |
| cell cultures of gut microbiota | Derivatization | HILIC mode, Zorbax HILIC plus column (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) | A = water containing 20 mM ammonium acetate and 20 mM acetic acid B = acetonitrile Gradient elution Flow rate: 0.5 mL.min-1 |
MS/MS | 0.001 – 30 fmol | 0.01 – 30 fmol | (149) |
| Faeces, liver, kidney, brain, skeletal muscle, spleen, microbial fermentation media |
Extraction | RP mode, Hypercarb – porous graphitic carbon, PGC (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 3 μm) | A = water containing 0.1% formic acid B = acetonitrile Gradient elution Flow rate: 0.15 mL.min-1 |
MS/MS | 0.001 – 0.003 mM | 0.003 – 0.009 mM | (48) |
| Plasma, urine | Derivatization, LLE | RP mode, Kinetex Evo C18 column (50 mm × 2.1mm, 1.7 μm) | A = water containing 0.1% formic acid B = methanol Gradient elution Flow rate: 0.6 mL.min-1 |
MS/MS | — | 25.2 ng.mL-1 (LLOQ) | (141) |
| Serum | Derivatization | RP mode, Restek Raptor C18 (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 2.7 μm) | A = water containing 0.1% formic acid B = acetonitrile Gradient elution Flow rate: 0.4 mL.min-1 |
MS/MS | 3 ng.mL-1 | 10 ng.mL-1 | (120) |
| Serum | Derivatization, extraction | RP mode, BEH C18 (100 mm × 2.1 mm) |
A = water B = acetonitrile Gradient elution Flow rate: 0.3 mL.min-1 |
MS/MS | — | 0.00025 – 2.5 µM | (169) |
| Plasma, exhaled breath condensate | Derivatization | RP mode, Pursuit 5 C18 (150 mm × 2.0 mm) | A = water containing 0.1% formic acid B = acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid Gradient elution Flow rate: 0.5 mL.min-1 |
MS/MS | — | 0.158 – 1.03 µM | (132) |
| Serum | Derivatization, extraction | RP mode, ACE C18-PFP (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) | A = water B = acetonitrile Gradient elution Flow rate: 0.3 mL.min-1 |
MS/MS | 1 – 7 ng.mL-1 | 3 – 19 ng.mL-1 | (170) |
| Faeces | Derivatization | RP mode, Kinetex XB-C18 (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 2.6 µm) | A = water containing 0.1% formic acid B = acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid Gradient elution Flow rate: 0.25 mL.min-1 |
MS/MS | 0.03 – 1.9 µmol.g-1 | — | (134) |
| Serum, colon content | Derivatization | RP mode, Waters Acquity BEH C18 c (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) | A = water containing 0.01% formic acid B = acetonitrile containing 0.01% formic acid Gradient elution Flow rate: 0.3 mL.min-1 |
MS/MS | — | — | (171) |
| Bovine milk and serum | Derivatization | RP mode, Atlantis PREMIER BEH C18 AX (150 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) | A = water containing 0.1% formic acid B = acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid Gradient elution Flow rate: 0.2 mL.min-1 |
MS/MS | 0.0323 – 0.17 µM | 0.1 – 0.55 µM | (172) |
| Faeces, serum, urine, duodenal content | Derivatization | RP mode, CSH C18 (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) | A = water containing 0.1% formic acid B = acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid Gradient elution Flow rate: 0.4 mL.min-1 |
MS/MS | 25 nM | 50 nM (LLOQ) | (173) |
—, not determined.