Table 4.

Summary of the Efficacy and Cautions of Lifestyle Modification and Medical Treatment

Management	Level of evidence	Strength	Cautions
Dietary fiber	++	▲	Slow-transit constipation and defecatory disorders
Exercise	+	▽
Bulking agent	++	▲	Insoluble bulking agents (abdominal distention, flatulence)
Magnesium salt	+++	▲	Impaired renal function, pregnancy, lactating women
Non-absorbable carbohydrates	+	▲	Bloating and flatulence
Polyethylene glycol	+++	▲	Diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea
Stimulant agent	++	▲	Long-term safety and abuse
Probiotics	+	▽	Immunocompromised patients
Prucalopride	+++	▲	Renal and hepatic impairment, elderly
Lubiprostone	+++	▲	Nausea, hepatic dysfunction, pregnancy
Linaclotide	+++	▲	Diarrhea

+, low; ++, moderate; +++, high; ▲, strong; ▽, conditional.