Fig. 1.
(A−C) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and (D−F) atomic force microscopy (AFM) morphology of the cell membrane-based glucose sensor (CMGS). (A, D) The enzyme-loaded hydrogel layer. (B, E) Electrode surface coated only with cell membranes. (C, F) l-α-phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicle-cell membrane coated electrode.