Table 1. Targets of CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors with clinical evidence of efficacy.

Target	Disease	Response rate	Survival	Comments	Ref.
CAR-T, chimeric antigen receptor-T; GPC3, glypican-3; MSLN, mesothelin; PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen; TAG-72, tumor-associated glycoprotein-72; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; GC, gastrointestinal cancers; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; PC, pancreatic carcinoma; OC, ovarian carcinoma; mCRPC, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer; CRC, metastatic colorectal cancer; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; MPM, malignant pleural mesothelioma; BC, breast cancer; GBM, glioblastoma; CR, complete response; ORR, objective response rate; DCR, disease control rate; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease; PD, progressive disease; OS, overall survival; PFS, progression-free survival; CRS, cytokine release syndrome; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
GD2	High-risk neuroblastoma	CR: 27% of patients with active disease	Overall response: 63% Median OS: 31 months	Among patients who received the recommended dose, the 3-year OS and event-free survival were 60% and 36%, respectively.	(3)
Claudin-18.2	GC	ORR: 48.6% DCR: 73.0%	Median PFS: 3.7 months OS: 81% at 6 months	Eighty-three percent of patients showed tumor regression; 11% showed reversible grade 3/4 gastrointestinal toxicities	(4)
GPC3 or MSLN	HCC or PC or OC	CR: 1/6 PR: 1/6 SD: 2/6	Not available	One PC patient (1/6, 16.7%) achieved CR; one HCC patient (1/6, 16.7%) achieved PR; and 2 HCC (2/6, 33.3%) achieved SD	(14)
PSMA	mCRPC	Five of 13 patients achieved a PSMA reduction of ≥30%	Median PFS: 4.4 months Median OS: 15.9 months	Five of 13 patients achieved a PSA reduction of ≥30%, 5 out of 13 patients developed high-grade CRS	(29)
TAG-72	CRC	Seven of 8 evaluable patients in trial C-9701 and 2 evaluable patients in trial C-9702 showed an increase in TAG-72 in post-infusion sera following heat treatment	Not available	Detectable, but mostly short-term (≤14 weeks), persistence of CART72 cells was observed in blood; one patient had CART72 cells detectable at 48 weeks	(30)
HER2	Sarcomas	SD: 4/17	Median OS: 13 months	Of 17 evaluable patients, 4 had SD for 12−14 months. Three of these patients had their tumor removed, with one showing ≥90% necrosis.	(31)
4-1BB and PD1	CRC or OC or NSCLC	DCR: 65.6%	Not available	DuoBody-PD-L1×4-1BB (GEN1046) is a first-in-class bispecific immunotherapy with a manageable safety profile and encouraging preclinical and early clinical activity	(32)
Mesothelin	MPM or BC	PR: 2/16 SD: 9/16 PD: 5/16	Median OS: 23 months One-year OS: 83%	/	(33)
IL-13Rα2	GBM	CR: 1/1	Not available	This first-in-human experience establishes a foundation for future adoptive therapy studies using off-the-shelf, zinc-finger modified, and/or glucocorticoid resistant CAR-T cells.	(34)
EGFR	NSCLC	PR: 1/9 SD: 6/9 PD: 2/9	Median OS: 15.63 months PFS: 7.13 months	PFS of these nine patients was 7.13 (95% CI: 2.71−17.10 ) months, while the median OS was 15.63 (95% CI: 8.82−22.03) months.	(35)