Table 1. Effect of gut microbes on efficacy of ICB.

Monoclonal antibody	Related gut microbes	Cancer	Mechanism	Effects	Ref.
ICB, immune checkpoint blockade; PD-1, programmed death receptor1; PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4; B.fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; GI, gastrointestinal; IL-12, interleukin 12; Th1, T helper 1; DC, dendritic cell; STING, stimulator of interferon genes; PFS, progression-free survival.
PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibody	Lactobacillus, Akkermansia muciniphila and Ruminococcaceae	HCC	/	Improving response rate to anti-PD-1 therapy	(34)
	Faecalibacterium genus	HCC	/	Significantly prolonging PFS	(35)
	Prevotella/Bacteroides ratio	Advanced-stage GI cancer	/	Improving response rate to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy	(36)
CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody	B. fragilis	Multiple types of cancer	Increasing IL-12-dependent Th1 cells to promote DC maturation	Facilitating tumor control while sparing intestinal integrity	(37)
	Bifidobacterium	Melanoma	Manipulating gut microbiota	Reducing immunotoxicity associated with anti-CTLA-4 therapy	(38)
CD47 monoclonal antibody	Bifidobacterium	Colon adenocarcinoma, etc.	Triggering the STING pathway inside DCs	Facilitating local anti-CD47 immunotherapy on tumor tissues	(39)