Table 2.
Summary of studies included
| Author, Date | Country | Design | Population | Intervention | Primary Outcomes | Secondary Outcomes | MMAT score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allen 2016 [30] | Australia | Mixed methods | Young mothers | Midwifery models | Experience/ Satisfaction; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care; Quality of care | b | |
| Alliman 2019 [31] | USA | Qualitative research | Socially isolated women; Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Unsupported mothers; Ethnic minorities | Midwife models | Experience/ Satisfaction; Family planning; Breastfeeding; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Analgesia use; Mode of birth; Access to care | a | |
| Alvarado 1999 [32] | Chile | Mixed methods | Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless | Interdisciplinary care | Maternal mortality | Experience/ Satisfaction; Family planning; Breastfeeding; Access to care | e |
| Balaam 2018 [10] | UK | Qualitative research | Socially isolated women; Unsupported mothers; Women who are subject of safeguarding concerns | Midwifery models | Experience/Satisfaction | a | |
| Barkauskas 2002 [33] | USA | Non-randomised studies |
Socially isolated women; Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Unsupported mothers; Women with substance and/or alcohol abuse issues |
Midwifery models | Breastfeeding; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth | c | |
| Bertilone, 2015 [34] | Australia | Non-randomised studies | Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Young mothers; Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models | Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Access to care | b | |
| Blanchette 1995 [35] | USA | Non-randomised studies | Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Women with substance and/or alcohol abuse issues; Ethnic minorities; Other: Low income uninsured and underinsured women in the USA | Midwifery models | Perinatal mortality | Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Analgesia use; Mode of birth; Access to care | d |
| Campbell 2004 [36] | Australia | Non-randomised studies | Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models; Community-centred | Experience/ Satisfaction; Breastfeeding; Access to care; Quality of care | b | |
| Cunningham 2017 [37] | USA | Randomised controlled trial | Young mothers; Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models | Experience/Satisfaction; Antenatal care coverage | d | |
| Filby 2019 [42[ | UK | Qualitative research | Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models | Experience/Satisfaction; Antenatal care coverage; Quality of care | a | |
| Grady 2004 [38] | USA | Non-randomised studies | Young mothers; Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models | Experience/ Satisfaction; Breastfeeding; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care | d | |
| Homer 2012 [39] | Australia | Mixed methods | Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models | Perinatal mortality | Experience/ Satisfaction; Breastfeeding; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Access to care | a |
| Ip 2015 [40] | Hong Kong | Non-randomised studies |
Socially isolated women Young mothers; Unsupported mothers; Women with substance and/or alcohol abuse issues |
Interdisciplinary care | Experience/Satisfaction | a | |
| Jan 2004 [41] | Australia | Mixed methods | Socially isolated women; Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Unsupported mothers; Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models; Community-centred | Perinatal mortality | Experience/ Satisfaction; Low birth weight; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care | b |
| Jones 2021 [42] | UK | Quantitative descriptive | Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Young mothers; Unsupported mothers; Women with substance and/or alcohol abuse issues | Midwifery models; Interdisciplinary care | Breastfeeding; Antenatal coverage; Access to care | c | |
| Kildea 2012 [43] | Australia | Mixed methods | Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models; Interdisciplinary care; Community-centred | Experience/Satisfaction; Breastfeeding; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Analgesia use; Mode of birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care; Quality of care | a | |
| Kildea 2019 [44] | Australia | Non-randomised studies | Socially isolated women; Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models | Preterm birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care | a | |
| Kildea 2021 [45] | Australia | Non-randomised studies | Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models; Community-centred | Breastfeeding; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Analgesia use; Mode of birth; Antenatal coverage; Access to care | a | |
| Klerman 2001 [46] | USA | Randomised controlled trial | Ethnic minorities; Other: Medicaid women (low income families) | Midwifery models | Experience/Satisfaction; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Antenatal care coverage; Quality of care | c | |
| Lack 2016 [47] | Australia | Quantitative descriptive studies | Women who have been victims of female genital mutilation; Ethnic minorities; Other: Most communities are socio-economic disadvantaged and housing and infrastructure managed by government | Midwifery models | Perinatal mortality | Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care | b |
| Lenaway 1995 | USA | Non-randomised studies | Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Other: recipients of Medicaid or the Colorado Indigent Care Program | Midwifery models | Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Access to care | b | |
| Liu 2017 [48] | USA | Mixed methods | Socially isolated women; Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Non-native language speakers; Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models | Experience/Satisfaction | d | |
| Madeira 2019 [49] | USA | Mixed methods | Non-native language speakers; Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models | Experience/Satisfaction | b | |
| Malebranche 2020 [50] | Canada | Non-randomised studies | Refugees/asylum seekers | Interdisciplinary care | Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Antenatal care coverage; Quality of care | a | |
| McAree 2010 [51] | UK | Qualitative research | Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models | Experience/Satisfaction | a | |
| Mersky 2021 | USA | Randomised controlled trial | Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless | Community-centred | Breastfeeding | d | |
| Middleton 2017 [52] | Australia | Mixed methods | Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Young mothers; Unsupported mothers; Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models; Community-centred | Experience/ Satisfaction; Breastfeeding; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care | a | |
| Morris 2012 [53] | Australia | Qualitative research | Women with substance and/or alcohol abuse issues | Interdisciplinary care | Experience/Satisfaction | a | |
| Nel 2003 [54] | Australia | Quantitative descriptive studies | Socially isolated women; Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models | Maternal mortality | Antenatal care coverage | e |
| Owens 2016 [55] | Australia | Qualitative research | Refugees/asylum seekers; Non-native language speakers; Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models; Community-centred | Experience/Satisfaction | a | |
| Panaretto 2005 | Australia | Non-randomised studies | Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models; Community-centred | Perinatal mortality | Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care; Quality of care | c |
| Piechnik 1985 [56] | USA | Non-randomised studies | Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Young mothers; Ethnic minorities | Interdisciplinary care | Maternal mortality; Perinatal mortality | Family planning; Breastfeeding; Immunisation; Mode of birth | c |
| Quelly 2021 [57] | USA | Quantitative descriptive studies | Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Other: recipients of Medicaid | Interdisciplinary care | Low birth weight; preterm birth; Antenatal coverage; Access to care | d | |
| Quinlivan 2003 [58] | Australia | Randomised controlled trial | Socially isolated women; Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Young mothers; Women with substance and/or alcohol abuse issues; Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models | Perinatal mortality | Family planning; Breastfeeding; Immunisation; Mode of birth; Access to care | c |
| Reeve 2016 [59] | Australia | Non-randomised studies | Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models; Interdisciplinary care; Community-centred | Perinatal mortality | Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care | c |
| Reguero 1994 [60] | USA | Quantitative descriptive studies | Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Women with substance and/or alcohol abuse issues; Ethnic minorities | Interdisciplinary care; Community-centred | Infant mortality | d | |
| Robertson 2009 [61] | USA | Non-randomised studies | Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models | Experience/ Satisfaction; Breastfeeding; Preterm births; Mode of birth | e | |
| Ross 1981 [62] | USA | Quantitative descriptive studies | Ethnic minorities; Other: Indian American tribe | Midwifery models | Perinatal mortality | Preterm birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care | d |
| Rutman 2020 [63] | Canada | Mixed methods | Socially isolated women; Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Victims of abuse; Young mothers; Women with substance and/or alcohol abuse issues | Interdisciplinary care | Experience/ Satisfaction; Access to care | e | |
| Smoke 1988 [64] | USA | Non-randomised studies | Young mothers | Midwifery models; Interdisciplinary care | Family planning; Breastfeeding; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Analgesia use; Mode of birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care | a | |
| Stapleton 2013 [65] | Australia | Mixed methods | Socially isolated women; Refugees/asylum seekers; Non-native language speakers; Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models; Interdisciplinary care | Experience/ Satisfaction; Breastfeeding; Preterm birth; Mode of birth | d | |
| Tandon 2013 [66] | USA | Non-randomised studies | Non-native language speakers; Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models | Experience/ Satisfaction; Antenatal care coverage | b | |
| Trudnak 2017 | USA | Non-randomised studies | Non-native language speakers; Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models | Breastfeeding; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Access to care | b | |
| Turner 2000 [67] | USA | Quantitative descriptive studies | Women who are HIV positive | Interdisciplinary care | Experience/Satisfaction; Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Access to care; Quality of care | c | |
| Wiggins 2005 [68] | UK | Randomised controlled trial | Those living in poverty/ deprivation/ who are homeless; Non-native language speakers | Midwifery models | Experience/ Satisfaction; Breastfeeding; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care | c | |
| Wong 2011 [69] | Australia | Quantitative descriptive studies | Ethnic minorities | Midwifery models | Perinatal mortality; Infant mortality | Low birth weight; Preterm birth; Mode of birth; Antenatal care coverage; Access to care | a |
“yes” criteria have been met
a for 100%,
b for 80%,
c for 60%,
d for 40%,
e for ≤ 20% of MMAT