Table 2.
Characteristics of the entire patient cohort.a
| Recipient | Overall (N=8201) | Alive or unknown (n=5887) | Deceased (n=2314) | P value | |||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 6.78 (6.48) | 6.39 (6.38) | 7.76 (6.62) | <.001 | |||||
| Sex (female), n (%) | 3577 (43.62) | 2558 (43.45) | 1019 (44.04) | .63 | |||||
| Race, n (%) | <.001 | ||||||||
|
|
American Indian or Alaska Native | 41 (0.5) | 25 (0.42) | 16 (0.69) |
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Asian | 287 (3.5) | 235 (3.99) | 52 (2.25) |
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|
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Black or African American | 1591 (19.4) | 970 (16.48) | 621 (26.84) |
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|
|
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 29 (0.35) | 13 (0.22) | 16 (0.69) |
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|
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White | 4781 (58.3) | 3505 (59.54) | 1276 (55.14) |
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|
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Multiracial | 150 (1.83) | 113 (1.92) | 37 (1.6) |
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| Ethnicity (Hispanic), n (%) | 1317 (16.06) | 1023 (17.38) | 294 (12.71) | <.001 | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 17.64 (4.92) | 17.53 (4.8) | 17.91 (5.2) | .002 | |||||
| Height (cm), mean (SD) | 110.28 (44.42) | 107.70 (43.88) | 116.80 (45.12) | <.001 | |||||
| Education, n (%) | <.001 | ||||||||
|
|
None | 102 (1.4) | 76 (1.37) | 28 (1.46) |
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|
|
Grade school (grades 0-8) | 2044 (28) | 1551 (27.87) | 543 (28.24) |
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|
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High school (grades 9-12) or GEDb | 1149 (15.74) | 809 (14.54) | 370 (19.24) |
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|
Attended college or technical school | 32 (0.44) | 22 (0.4) | 14 (0.73) |
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|
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Associate or bachelor’s degree | 1 (0.01) | 1 (0.02) | 0 (0) |
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|
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N/Ac (aged <5 years old) | 3886 (51.9) | 2986 (53.66) | 900 (46.8) |
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| Prior cardiac surgery, n (%) | 404 (8.79) | 270 (9.95) | 134 (7.12) | <.001 | |||||
| Diabetes, n (%) | .13 | ||||||||
|
|
No | 7021 (97.7) | 5284 (97.91) | 1737 (97.09) |
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|
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Type 1 | 16 (0.22) | 12 (0.22) | 4 (0.22) |
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Type 2 | 8 (0.11) | 7 (0.13) | 1 (0.06) |
|
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| Serum creatinine (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 0.64 (1.23) | 0.6 (1.08) | 0.77 (1.6) | <.001 | |||||
| CMVd+, positive, n (%) | 2286 (30.63) | 1768 (32.39) | 518 (25.84) | <.001 | |||||
| EBVe+, positive, n (%) | 2977 (50.03) | 2321 (49.37) | 656 (52.48) | <.001 | |||||
| ABOf match, n (%) | <.001 | ||||||||
|
|
Identical | 6353 (77.47) | 4536 (77.05) | 1817 (78.52) |
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|
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Compatible | 1616 (19.7) | 1154 (19.6) | 462 (19.97) |
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|
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Incompatible | 232 (2.83) | 197 (3.35) | 35 (1.51) |
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| Primary diagnosis, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
Cardiomyopathy | 4272 (52.09) | 3092 (52.52) | 1180 (50.99) | .21 | ||||
|
|
CHDg | 3638 (44.36) | 2590 (44) | 1048 (45.29) | .29 | ||||
|
|
Other | 291 (3.55) | 205 (3.48) | 86 (3.72) | .61 | ||||
| Secondary diagnosis, n (%) | |||||||||
|
|
CHD with HLHSh | 85 (1.04) | 65 (1.10) | 20 (0.86) | .33 | ||||
|
|
CHD with prior surgery | 1700 (20.73) | 1388 (23.58) | 312 (13.48) | <.001 | ||||
|
|
Dilated myopathy | 3588 (43.75) | 2554 (43.38) | 1034 (44.68) | .29 | ||||
|
|
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 228 (2.78) | 175 (2.97) | 53 (2.29) | .09 | ||||
|
|
Restrictive myopathy | 442 (5.39) | 349 (5.93) | 93 (4.02) | .001 | ||||
| Ventricular assist device, n (%) | <.001 | ||||||||
|
|
None | 4180 (78.19) | 3401 (78.45) | 779 (77.05) |
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|
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LVADi | 761 (14.23) | 650 (14.99) | 111 (10.98) |
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|
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RVADj | 16 (0.3) | 12 (0.28) | 4 (0.4) |
|
||||
|
|
TAHk | 6 (0.11) | 6 (0.14) | 0 (0) |
|
||||
|
|
LVAD + RVAD | 214 (4) | 178 (4.11) | 36 (3.56) |
|
||||
|
|
LVAD, RVAD, or TAH unspecified | 169 (3.16) | 88 (2.03) | 81 (8.01) |
|
||||
| Year of transplant (range), n (%) | <.001 | ||||||||
|
|
1987-1990 | 387 (4.73) | 202 (3.43) | 185 (8) |
|
||||
|
|
1991-1995 | 1074 (13.1) | 523 (8.88) | 551 (23.82) |
|
||||
|
|
1996-2000 | 1150 (14.03) | 658 (11.18) | 492 (21.26) |
|
||||
|
|
2001-2005 | 1255 (15.3) | 807 (13.72) | 448 (19.37) |
|
||||
|
|
2006-2010 | 1548 (18.88) | 1185 (20.13) | 363 (15.68) |
|
||||
|
|
2011-2015 | 1877 (22.88) | 1652 (28.05) | 225 (9.73) |
|
||||
|
|
2016-2018 | 910 (11.09) | 860 (14.61) | 50 (2.16) |
|
||||
| Days listed, mean (SD) | 95.33 (196.89) | 99.43 (209.3) | 84.92 (160.5) | .003 | |||||
| Days listed as status 1Al, mean (SD) | 32.92 (61.31) | 37.71 (61.94) | 20.73 (57.93) | <.001 | |||||
aNonmissing values are used to calculate summary statistics, frequency, and percentages.
bGED: General Educational Development Test.
cN/A: not applicable.
dCMV: cytomegalovirus.
eEBV: Epstein-Barr virus.
fABO: the 4 main blood types are A, B, O, and AB; for a blood transfusion, the ABO blood group system is used to match the blood type of the donor and the person receiving the transfusion.
gCHD: congenital heart defect.
hHLHS: hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
iLVAD: left ventricular assist device.
jRVAD: right ventricular assist device.
kTAH: total artificial heart.
lStatus 1A: the United Network for Organ Sharing status code 1A is the most severe designation for need for transplantation. Candidates on the waiting list at this level are critically ill and are receiving some form of mechanical circulatory support.