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. 2023 Apr 11;46(7):zsad112. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsad112

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© Sleep Research Society 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Figure 6. — Effects of i.n. oxytocin and i.n. caffeine on sleep outcomes. Low and mid oxytocin dose effects. Influence of i.n. oxytocin dose range (0, 0.06, 1 mg·kg⁻¹) on %NREMS across entire 7-hour recording session (A_i), %NREM during period of peak effect (0–90 minutes) (A_ii), NREMS bout frequency and mean NREMS bout duration during period of peak effect (0–90 minutes) (A_iii), sleep onset latency (A_iv), %REM sleep across entire 7-hour recording session (C_i), %REM sleep during period of peak effect (30–180 minutes) (C_ii), and REMS bout frequency and mean REMS bout duration during period of peak effect (30–180 minutes) (C_iii), and REMS onset latency (C_iv). High oxytocin dose and caffeine effects. Influence of i.n. oxytocin (3 mg·kg⁻¹) and i.n. caffeine (10 mg·kg⁻¹) on %NREMS across entire 7-hour recording session (B_i), %NREMS during period of peak effect (0–90 minutes) (A_v), NREMS bout frequency and mean NREMS bout duration during period of peak effect (0–90 minutes) (A_ii), sleep onset latency (C_vii), %REM sleep across entire 7-hour recording session (D_i), %REM sleep during period of peak effect (30–180 minutes) (C_v), REMS bout frequency and mean REMS bout duration during period of peak effect (30–180 minutes) (C_vi), and REMS onset latency (C_vii). PSD effects. Influence of i.n. oxytocin dose range and caffeine on ECoG PSD from 0 to 90 minutes (B_ii) and 90–360 minutes (B_iii) during NREMS, and 30–180 minutes during REMS (D_ii). Sample size for experiment 3a was n = 6 females for all doses. Sample size for experiment 3b was n = 5 females (for all doses) except for 3 mg·kg⁻¹ oxytocin which was n = 4. Data represent mean values ± S.E.M., individual data points represent individual subject data (closed circles—females). For % time spent in sleep–wake state graphs, data points represent values for 30-minute bins; values pertain to the bin of time defined by the x-axis timepoints to the immediate left and right of the data point. Dose was administered at ZT0 and color of bar below x-axis signifies light cycle phase at each time point: black—dark (active) phase; yellow—light (rest) phase. For ECoG PSD figures, data represent mean percentage change in ECoG PSD (0.1-25 Hz) ± S.E.M. Data represent mean percentage change in ECoG PSD (0-25 Hz) ± S.E.M. Statistical significance is indicated by the following symbols: * – dose main effect; ^ pairwise comparison; ⋇ – 3 mg·kg⁻¹ oxytocin versus VEH; • – 10 mg·kg⁻¹ caffeine versus VEH. For graphs with two y-axes, the alignment of the significance symbol represents which outcome the significance refers to: left—bout frequency; right—mean bout duration. Level of statistical significance is indicated by the number of symbols: one—p < .05, two—p < .01, three—p < .001, four—p < .0001.