Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of infants and mothers included in the study.
| NB | 4 M | 12 M | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | 136 | 109 | 95 |
| Sampling time (months after delivery) | 7.05 (10.20)a | 4.55 (1.04) | 12.45 (0.67) |
| Gestational age in days, mean (SD) | 277 (7.85) | 277 (7.99) | 278 (7.81) |
| Maternal BMI pre-pregnancy, mean (SD)b | 21.09 (2.93) | - | - |
| Maternal BMI pre-delivery, mean (SD)b | 27.01 (3.44) | - | - |
| Delivery mode | |||
| Natural delivery | 91 | 88 | 82 |
| C-section | 45 | 21 | 13 |
| Infant weight SD score, mean (SD) | 0.14 (0.64) | −0.02 (0.99)d | −0.08 (1.71)e |
| Infant length SD score, mean (SD) | 0.52 (1.00)c | 0.13 (1.12)d | −0.06 (0.97)e |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 64 | 51 | 47 |
| Female | 72 | 58 | 48 |
| Feeding patternf | |||
| Exclusively breast milk feeding | 44 | 82 | 25 |
| Mix feeding (breast + formula feeding) | 88 | 26 | 26 |
| Exclusively formula feeding | 4 | 1 | 26 |
| Antibiotics to infant (first week, 1 week to 4 months, 4–12 months) | 0 | 10g | 14h |
a. days after delivery; b. data from 36 subjects were missed; c. data from 8 subjects were missed; d. data from 16 subjects were missed; e. data from 2 subjects were missed; f. data from 18 subjects in the 12 M group were missed. Exclusively breast milk feeding indicates no formula milk exposure within 48 hours before sampling. All infants in the 12 M group included cereals and other solid food in their diet; g. data from 9 subjects were missed; h. data from 18 subjects were missed.