Table 2.
Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for fathers’ low engagement in parenting behaviors when their infant(s) was 6 months old according to fathers’ weekly working hours category.
| Engagement in paternal parenting behaviors | Fathers’ weekly working hours category | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 0 ≥ 0 to ≤40 h | Group 1 > 40 to ≤45 h | Group 2 45 to ≤50 h | Group 3 > 50 to ≤55 h | Group 4 > 55 to ≤65 h | Group 5 >65 h | p-Value For trend | |
| Play | |||||||
| At home (n = 43,009) | |||||||
| High | 8,912 (95.8) | 5,460 (95.4) | 9,786 (94.4) | 3,908 (94.4) | 6,490 (93.3) | 5,906 (90.7) | |
| Low | 388 (4.2) | 265 (4.6) | 586 (5.7) | 234 (5.7) | 466 (6.7) | 608 (9.3) | |
| Crude OR | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.95–1.31) | 1.38 (1.21–1.57) | 1.38 (1.16–1.63) | 1.65 (1.44–1.89) | 2.37 (2.07–2.70) | <0.0001 |
| Adjusted ORa | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.99–1.37) | 1.38 (1.21–1.57) | 1.38 (1.16–1.63) | 1.65 (1.43–1.89) | 2.38 (2.08–2.72) | <0.0001 |
| Outdoors (n = 42,995) | |||||||
| High | 7,107 (76.5) | 4,340 (75.8) | 7,658 (73.9) | 3,036 (73.3) | 4,990 (71.8) | 4,457 (68.4) | |
| Low | 2,183 (23.5) | 1,386 (24.2) | 2,711 (26.2) | 1,106 (26.7) | 1,962 (28.2) | 2,059 (31.6) | |
| Crude OR | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.96–1.12) | 1.15 (1.08–1.23) | 1.19 (1.09–1.29) | 1.28 (1.19–1.37) | 1.50 (1.40–1.62) | <0.0001 |
| Adjusted ORa | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.97–1.13) | 1.14 (1.07–1.22) | 1.18 (1.08–1.28) | 1.26 (1.17–1.35) | 1.49 (1.39–1.60) | <0.0001 |
| Caregiving | |||||||
| Helping with feeding (n = 42,838) | |||||||
| High | 6,624 (71.6) | 3,918 (68.7) | 6,915 (66.9) | 2,710 (65.6) | 4,336 (62.6) | 3,810 (58.7) | |
| Low | 2,630 (28.4) | 1,785 (31.3) | 3,417 (33.1) | 1,420 (34.4) | 2,595 (37.4) | 2,678 (41.3) | |
| Crude OR | 1.00 | 1.15 (1.07–1.23) | 1.25 (1.17–1.32) | 1.32 (1.22–1.43) | 1.51 (1.41–1.61) | 1.77 (1.66–1.89) | <0.0001 |
| Adjusted ORa | 1.00 | 1.13 (1.05–1.21) | 1.23 (1.15–1.30) | 1.31 (1.21–1.42) | 1.47 (1.37–1.57) | 1.73 (1.62–1.86) | <0.0001 |
| Changing diapers (n = 43,021) | |||||||
| High | 7,658 (82.3) | 4,722 (82.4) | 8,171 (78.8) | 3,221 (77.8) | 5,254 (75.5) | 4,531 (69.5) | |
| Low | 1,643 (17.7) | 1,006 (17.6) | 2,202 (21.2) | 920 (22.2) | 1,702 (24.5) | 1,991 (30.5) | |
| Crude OR | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | 1.26 (1.17–1.35) | 1.33 (1.22–1.46) | 1.51 (1.40–1.63) | 2.05 (1.90–2.21) | <0.0001 |
| Adjusted ORa | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | 1.24 (1.16–1.34) | 1.33 (1.21–1.45) | 1.49 (1.38–1.61) | 2.04 (1.89–2.20) | <0.0001 |
| Dressing (n = 43,027) | |||||||
| High | 7,147 (76.9) | 4,392 (76.7) | 7,660 (73.8) | 3,071 (74.1) | 4,839 (69.6) | 4,237 (65.0) | |
| Low | 2,153 (23.2) | 1,336 (23.3) | 2,718 (26.2) | 1,074 (25.9) | 2,116 (30.4) | 2,284 (35.0) | |
| Crude OR | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) | 1.18 (1.10–1.26) | 1.16 (1.07–1.26) | 1.45 (1.35–1.56) | 1.79 (1.67–1.92) | <0.0001 |
| Adjusted ORa | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 1.17 (1.09–1.25) | 1.15 (1.06–1.26) | 1.44 (1.34–1.54) | 1.78 (1.66–1.91) | <0.0001 |
| Bathing (n = 43,015) | |||||||
| High | 8,109 (87.2) | 4,912 (85.8) | 8,734 (84.2) | 3,436 (83.0) | 5,693 (81.8) | 5,023 (77.1) | |
| Low | 1,194 (12.8) | 812 (14.2) | 1,636 (15.8) | 706 (17.0) | 1,265 (18.2) | 1,495 (22.9) | |
| Crude OR | 1.00 | 1.12 (1.02–1.24) | 1.27 (1.17–1.38) | 1.40 (1.26–1.54) | 1.51 (1.39–1.65) | 2.02 (1.86–2.20) | <0.0001 |
| Adjusted ORa | 1.00 | 1.12 (1.02–1.23) | 1.27 (1.17–1.37) | 1.38 (1.25–1.53) | 1.49 (1.36–1.62) | 2.01 (1.84–2.18) | <0.0001 |
| Putting the child to bed (n = 43,002) | |||||||
| High | 4,900 (52.7) | 2,942 (51.4) | 5,174 (49.9) | 2,000 (48.3) | 3,176 (45.7) | 2,780 (42.7) | |
| Low | 4,400 (47.3) | 2,784 (48.6) | 5,191 (50.1) | 2,143 (51.7) | 3,780 (54.3) | 3,732 (57.3) | |
| Crude OR | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.99–1.13) | 1.12 (1.06–1.18) | 1.19 (1.11–1.28) | 1.33 (1.25–1.41) | 1.50 (1.40–1.59) | <0.0001 |
| Adjusted ORa | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.97–1.11) | 1.10 (1.04–1.16) | 1.18 (1.10–1.27) | 1.29 (1.21–1.37) | 1.46 (1.37–1.56) | <0.0001 |
aCovariates were adjusted for father’s age, father’s educational background, father’s alcohol intake at mother’s pregnancy, father’s smoking status at mother’s pregnancy, father’s autistic traits at mother’s pregnancy, annual household income, coresident family members of the mother–father pair [twin or more of the surveyed infant(s); older sibling(s) of the surveyed infant(s); mother’s parent(s); or mother’s parent(s)-in-law], year the mother became pregnant, mother’s postpartum depression at 1 month after delivery, infant’s sex. Bold indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05). OR, odds ratio.