EXHIBIT 4.

Previous residence in other institutions before current incarceration among incarcerated people in the US, by disability, race, ethnicity, and sex, 2016

	Any institution		Punitive institution		Therapeutic institution
	Disabled	Nondisabled	Disabled	Nondisabled	Disabled	Nondisabled
WOMEN
Black	82.45%	65.69%****	74.69%	62.30%**	48.23%	18.97%****
Hispanic	84.28	69.49****	73.28	65.93*	52.25	23.83****
White	85.65	74.26****	71.52	62.92***	64.92	40.91****
Other race	85.57	72.59	81.09	70.78	58.00	32.46*
Multiracial	88.96	78.30*	74.93	69.54	62.38	27.10****
MEN
Black	89.35%	80.88%****	86.14%	79.50%****	38.99%	16.97%****
Hispanic	85.10	72.62****	80.88	71.17****	37.90	12.07****
White	85.15	75.44****	77.73	70.01****	52.76	31.10****
Other race	88.90	70.70***	86.73	69.50***	47.61	22.91***
Multiracial	88.42	82.19***	81.84	81.45	50.51	22.17****

source Authors’ analysis of data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, Survey of Prison Inmates (SPI), 2016. notes N = 22,660. Estimates reflect the percent of people who had previously resided in another institution before their current incarceration, stratified by disability, race, ethnicity, and sex. We consider someone to have previously resided in “any institution” if they reported previous residence in any punitive or therapeutic institution; these institutions are listed in the notes to exhibit 3. Definitions of disabled and nondisabled people are in the notes to exhibit 1. The race and ethnicity variable is constructed by the SPI using respondents’ self-identified race and Hispanic ethnicity. The 5 categories are described in the notes to exhibit 2.

^*p < 0.10

^**p < 0.05

^***p < 0.01

^****p < 0.001