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. 2023 Jun 27;14:1213143. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1213143

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Combination of oxfendazole with interleukin-5 improves macrofilaricidal treatment efficacy in shortened treatment regimen. (A–G) Six-week old female BALB/c mice were naturally infected with Litomosoides sigmodontis and treated with 12.5 mg/kg oxfendazole twice per day for 5 days (positive control) or 3 days (shortened treatment) with or without addition of intranasal application of 2 μg IL-4, IL-5, or IL-33 once per day. Necropsies were performed 70 days after the infection. (A) Adult worm burden. (B) Microfilariae per 50 μL peripheral blood +1. (C) Average number of embryonal stages per female worm. (D) Frequency of eosinophils [CD8−, CD11b+, Ly6G−, Siglec-F+] in spleen. (E) Frequency of eosinophils [CD8−, CD11b+, Siglec-F+] in thoracic cavity. (F) Frequency of monocytes [CD8−, CD11b+, Siglec-F−, RELMα−, Ly6G−, I-ab(lo)] in thoracic cavity. (G) Total cell count of monocytes in thoracic cavity. (A,B,D–G) Data shown as median with interquartile range. Numbers show reduction of median in comparison to vehicle control. (C) Data shown as mean ± SEM. (A–C) Data for IL-4, IL-5, IL-33 from 1 experiment, data for other groups pooled from 2 experiments (n = 6–7 per group per experiment). (D–G) Representative data for two experiments. (A-C,E) Statistical analysis using Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn’s post-hoc test, (D,F,G) Statistical analysis using One-Way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.