Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population stratified by frailty
| Characteristics | Robust (n=714) |
Prefrail (n=477) |
Frailty (n=105) |
P value |
| Age, years (SD) | 69.81±3.89 | 71.71±5.34 | 70.89±4.85 | <0.001 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 347 (48.60) | 184 (38.57) | 33 (31.43) | <0.001 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married, n (%) | 622 (87.11) | 408 (85.53) | 77 (73.33) | 0.001 |
| Other*, n (%) | 92 (12.89) | 69 (14.47) | 28 (26.67) | |
| Education years | ||||
| 0–12, n (%) | 466 (65.27) | 337 (70.65) | 85 (80.95) | 0.002 |
| >12, n (%) | 248 (24.73) | 140 (29.35) | 20 (19.05) | |
| Alone living, n (%) | 74 (10.36) | 53 (11.11) | 22 (20.95) | 0.006 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 90 (12.61) | 44 (9.22) | 10 (9.52) | 0.165 |
| Drinking, n (%) | 92 (12.89) | 50 (10.48) | 10 (9.52) | 0.345 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 314 (43.98) | 212 (44.44) | 56 (53.33) | 0.192 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 81 (11.34) | 82 (17.19) | 20 (19.05) | 0.006 |
| Cardiac diseases, n (%) | 46 (6.44) | 41 (8.60) | 11 (10.48) | 0.194 |
| Cranial vascular disease, n (%) | 24 (2.94) | 15 (3.14) | 4 (3.80) | 0.938 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 24.69±3.05 | 24.32±3.14 | 23.83±3.51 | 0.011 |
| Waist circumference, cm (SD) | 86.99±8.66 | 86.32±8.57 | 85.42±9.46 | 0.143 |
| SBP, mm Hg (SD) | 141.61±18.53 | 142.73±17.74 | 143.01±19.37 | 0.516 |
| DBP, mm Hg (SD) | 83.77±10.44 | 82.87±9.75 | 80.44±10.91 | 0.006 |
| Heart rate, beats/min (SD) | 79.9±13.4 | 79.8±13.2 | 81.1±13.0 | 0.659 |
| WBC, 109 /L (SD) | 6.39±1.51 | 6.36±1.56 | 6.29±1.69 | 0.781 |
| Neutrophils, 109 /L (SD) | 3.89±1.22 | 3.86±1.26 | 3.96±1.29 | 0.699 |
| Lymphocytes, 109 /L (SD) | 1.95±0.58 | 1.96±0.64 | 1.76±0.59 | 0.007 |
| Eosinophils, 109 /L (SD) | 0.14±0.12 | 0.14±0.12 | 0.15±0.18 | 0.628 |
| PLT, 109 /L (SD) | 212.4±52.2 | 216.3±52.0 | 207.9±66.1 | 0.251 |
| RBC, 109 /L (SD) | 4.73±0.41 | 4.51±0.42 | 4.41±0.65 | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin, g/L (SD) | 145.51±12.15 | 137.29±11.79 | 129.55±13.73 | <0.001 |
| Anaemia, n (%) | 6 (0.84%) | 17 (3.56%) | 21 (20%) | <0.001 |
| RDW, % (SD) | 12.89±0.55 | 13.15±0.69 | 13.88±1.39 | <0.001 |
| HRR | 11.31±1.02 | 10.47±1.05 | 9.43±1.41 | <0.001 |
| FBG, mmol/L (SD) | 6.28±1.59 | 6.37±1.90 | 6.56±2.13 | 0.278 |
| Albumin, g/dL (SD) | 46.23±2.19 | 45.86±2.47 | 45.13±2.90 | <0.001 |
| Globulin, g/dL (SD) | 30.26±3.44 | 30.64±3.65 | 30.55±5.25 | 0.194 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L (SD) | 1.49±0.85 | 1.46±0.90 | 1.44±0.85 | 0.883 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L (SD) | 5.17±1.04 | 5.19±1.15 | 4.96±1.05 | 0.122 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L (SD) | 1.50±0.39 | 1.54±0.42 | 1.54±0.38 | 0.333 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L (SD) | 3.03±0.82 | 3.02±0.90 | 2.82±0.88 | 0.060 |
*Including separated, divorced, never married or widowed.
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HRR, haemoglobin-to-RDW ratio; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PLT, platelet count; RBC, red blood cell; RDW, red blood cell distribution width; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WBC, white blood cell.