Table 1.

Reports of strokes in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.

Study	n	Type of event	Presentation	Radiological anatomy/vascular territory	Time from disease onset (day)	Anti-phospholipid antibody status	Coagulation parameters
Mao et al.[37]	5	4 ischaemic strokes, 1 haemorrhagic stroke	Not described	Not described	1–18 (median 9)	Not described	Not described
Helms et al.[41]	3	All ischaemic strokes	Incidental finding on MR imaging done for encephalopathy	Small hyperintensity lesions on MR imaging	Not described	Not described	Not described
Zhang et al.[24]	3	All ischaemic strokes	Aged 65–70 yr, headache and digital ischaemia	Multifocal infarcts including frontal, parietal, occipital lobes, basal ganglia, brainstem and cerebellum	10, 18, 33	Positive anticardiolipin IgA, anti-β2-glycoprotein-I IgA and IgG in all patients	Elevated PT, aPTT, D-dimer and reduced platelets
Oxley et al.[38]	5	All ischaemic strokes	Aged 33–49 yr, focal neurological deficits NIHSS score 13-23	1 internal carotid artery, 3 MCA, 1 posterior cerebral artery	Not described	Not described	Prolonged PT or aPTT in 3 patients, elevated D-dimer and fibrinogen in 3 patients
Beyrouti et al.[25]	6	All ischaemic strokes	Aged 53–85 yr, acute confusion with focal neurological deficits	5 multifocal infracts, 2 patients developed ischaemic stroke despite therapeutic anticoagulation	−2 to 24 (median 12.5)	5 patients with lupus anticoagulant, 1 patient with medium-titre IgM anticardiolipin	Prolonged PT or aPTT in 2 patients, elevated fibrinogen in 4 patients, elevated D-dimer in all patients
Avula et al.[39]	4	All ischaemic strokes	Aged 73–88 yr, focal neurological deficits, NIHSS score 2-36	2 MCA, 1 frontal lobe, 1 medial temporal lobe	1–3 (median 2)	Not described	Prolonged PT or aPTT in 2 patients, elevated D-dimer in 2 patients
Gu et al.[74]	1	Ischaemic stroke	Aged 78 yr with right-sided weakness, NIHSS score 2. A physician involved in treatment contracted COVID-19 3 days later	CT brain unremarkable	−2	Not described	Normal PT and aPTT
He et al.[40]	1	Ischaemic stroke with concurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage	Aged 70 yr with anisocoria	Not described	28	Not described	Severe thrombocytopenia and elevated D-dimer
Zhou et al.[42]	1	Ischaemic stroke	Aged 75 yr with bilateral deep vein thrombosis	Bilateral cerebral infarcts involving the middle and anterior cerebral artery on the right and anterior cerebral artery on the left	15	Not described	Normal coagulation profile, elevated D-dimer
Sharifi- Razavi et al.[73]	1	Haemorrhagic stroke	Aged 75 yr, drowsiness and extensor plantars	Massive intracerebral haemorrhage in the right hemisphere, accompanied by intraventricular and subarachnoid haemorrhage	3	Not described	Prolonged aPTT, normal platelet count
Hughes et al.[44]	1	Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis	Aged 59 yr with headache and weakness	Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis	Not described	Not described	Not described
Garaci et al.[43]	1	Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis	Aged 44 yr with drowsiness, aphasia and hemiparesis with concurrent pulmonary embolism	Empty delta sign in the vein of Galen, straight sinus and in the torcular herophili due to dural sinus thrombosis with poor representation of left internal cerebral vein	14	Absence of anticardiolipin and anti-β2 glycoprotein IgM and IgG	Severe thrombocytopenia and elevated D-dimer

aPTT: activated partial thromboplastin time, CT: computed tomography, IgA: immunoglobulin A, IgG: immunoglobulin G, IgM: immunoglobulin M, MCA: middle cerebral artery, MR: magnetic resonance, NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, PT: prothrombin time